1.Easy
What is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?
- A10
- B14
- C12
- D16
2.Easy
In Dutch criminal law, what distinguishes "moord" (Article 289 Sr) from "doodslag" (Article 287 Sr)?
- AMoord can only be committed against a police officer
- BMoord requires the use of a weapon
- CMoord requires premeditation (voorbedachte raad)
- DMoord requires more than one victim
3.Easy
In Dutch criminal law, "noodweer" (Article 41(1) Sr) is:
- AAn excuse based on a strong emotional disturbance caused by an unlawful attack
- BA rule allowing police to stop and search people
- CA form of preparation for committing a crime
- DA justification for necessary defence against an immediate unlawful attack
4.Medium
D knocks over a candle by accident, sees a fire start, and walks away without doing anything. The house burns down. D is most likely:
- ALiable only if D intended to start the fire initially
- BNot liable, because the law imposes no duty to act to protect property
- CNot liable, because the fire started by accident
- DLiable, because D created a dangerous situation and failed to act
5.Medium
Causation in criminal law requires that the defendant's act was:
- AA factual and legal cause of the result
- BIntended to cause the result in every case
- CThe only cause of the result
- DMorally wrong
6.Medium
D supplies heroin to V, an adult, who freely and knowingly injects herself and dies. According to R v Kennedy (No 2), D is:
- ANot guilty of manslaughter, because V's free and informed choice broke the chain of causation
- BGuilty of manslaughter, because supply always causes the death
- CGuilty of unlawful act manslaughter, because supplying a class A drug is itself unlawful and dangerous
- DGuilty of manslaughter, because V's choice is irrelevant
7.Hard
In R v Brown (1993), the House of Lords held that consent was no defence to s47 and s20 charges arising from:
- ASurgery carried out without the patient's signature
- BTattoos applied by a licensed tattoo artist
- CInjuries suffered in properly conducted boxing matches between consenting adults
- DConsensual sado-masochistic acts between adults in private
8.Hard
In the Dutch "Opticien" judgment (Hoge Raad, 1923), an optician sold glasses after closing time to a man who had broken his. The court recognised:
- AAn official order (ambtelijk bevel) as a justification under Article 43 Sr
- BMental disorder as an excuse under Article 39 Sr
- CNecessity (noodtoestand) as a form of overmacht under Article 40 Sr
- DSelf-defence of property under Article 41 Sr
Answer key
- 1. A · 10
- 2. C · Moord requires premeditation (voorbedachte raad)
- 3. D · A justification for necessary defence against an immediate unlawful attack
- 4. D · Liable, because D created a dangerous situation and failed to act
- 5. A · A factual and legal cause of the result
- 6. A · Not guilty of manslaughter, because V's free and informed choice broke the chain of causation
- 7. D · Consensual sado-masochistic acts between adults in private
- 8. C · Necessity (noodtoestand) as a form of overmacht under Article 40 Sr
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