1.Easy
Which statute contains the main non-fatal offences against the person in England and Wales (ABH, wounding, GBH)?
- AThe Homicide Act 1957
- BThe Criminal Damage Act 1971
- CThe Offences Against the Person Act 1861
- DThe Theft Act 1968
2.Easy
What is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?
- A10
- B16
- C12
- D14
3.Easy
A person who helps or encourages another to commit a crime, without carrying out the act themselves, is called:
- AA principal offender
- BA co-defendant witness
- CAn innocent agent
- DAn accessory (secondary party)
4.Medium
Gang members threaten D to make her rob a post office. D had joined the gang knowing it used violence. Following R v Hasan, D:
- ACan rely on duress only if the robbery failed
- BCannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- CCan rely on necessity instead of duress
- DCan rely on duress because the threat was real, immediate and impossible for her to escape
5.Medium
Two adult friends agree to a fist fight in the street, and one breaks the other's nose. Following A-G's Reference (No 6 of 1980), consent is:
- AA defence only if the fight was planned in advance
- BNo defence, because a street fight causing actual bodily harm is not in the public interest
- CA full defence, because both adults freely agreed to the fight and accepted the risk of injury
- DRelevant only to the sentence and never to guilt
6.Medium
For malicious wounding or inflicting GBH under section 20 OAPA, the defendant must at least have foreseen:
- ANothing, because it is strict liability
- BThat serious harm would certainly result
- CThat some physical harm might result
- DThat the victim would die
7.Hard
In R v Larsonneur (1933), a French woman was convicted of being an illegal alien in the UK after being brought there by police against her will. The case illustrates:
- ATransferred malice from the police to the defendant
- BThe defence of duress of circumstances excusing an involuntary immigration offence
- CThe requirement of a duty for omissions
- DA state of affairs offence where liability arose without a voluntary act
8.Hard
In R v Dica (2004), D had sex with partners without telling them he was HIV-positive. The Court of Appeal held that:
- AD was guilty of murder, because HIV can kill
- BConsent is never relevant to the transmission of disease, since s20 protects public health
- CNon-disclosure always makes sex rape under English law
- DInformed consent to the risk of infection could be a defence to inflicting GBH under s20
Answer key
- 1. C · The Offences Against the Person Act 1861
- 2. A · 10
- 3. D · An accessory (secondary party)
- 4. B · Cannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- 5. B · No defence, because a street fight causing actual bodily harm is not in the public interest
- 6. C · That some physical harm might result
- 7. D · A state of affairs offence where liability arose without a voluntary act
- 8. D · Informed consent to the risk of infection could be a defence to inflicting GBH under s20
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