1.Easy
Necessity was rejected as a defence to murder in the famous shipwreck case of:
- AR v Brown
- BR v Dudley and Stephens
- CR v Miller
- DR v Collins
2.Easy
In English law, rape is defined in which statute?
- AThe Offences Against the Person Act 1861
- BThe Sexual Offences Act 2003
- CThe Criminal Justice Act 1988
- DThe Protection from Harassment Act 1997
3.Easy
In criminal cases, the prosecution must usually prove guilt:
- ABeyond reasonable doubt
- BOn the balance of probabilities
- CWith at least three witnesses
- DWith a confession
4.Medium
D makes repeated silent phone calls to V, causing her psychiatric illness. Following R v Ireland, D can be guilty of:
- AAn assault, as silent calls can cause apprehension of immediate force
- BOnly harassment, because no force was used
- CNo offence, because words or silence can never amount to an assault in law
- DOnly a civil wrong, because no physical harm occurred
5.Medium
D buys a substance believing it is heroin and intends to sell it on. In fact it is harmless powder. Following R v Shivpuri, D is:
- AGuilty of the full offence of dealing drugs
- BNot guilty, because the substance was harmless
- CGuilty of attempt, as impossibility is no defence under the 1981 Act
- DNot guilty, because attempting the impossible is no offence under the 1981 Act
6.Medium
Involuntary intoxication can be a defence when:
- AThe defendant was less inhibited but still formed intent
- BIt meant the defendant lacked the required mens rea
- CThe defendant chose to drink heavily
- DThe offence is a strict liability offence
7.Hard
Conspiracy in English law requires:
- AAn agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, with intent that it be carried out
- BA written plan
- CAt least one of the conspirators to have carried out an overt act towards committing the agreed crime
- DThe crime to be actually committed
8.Hard
In Tesco Supermarkets v Nattrass (1972), Tesco avoided liability because:
- AThe customer had not paid for the goods
- BThe store manager was not part of the company's "directing mind and will"
- CCompanies can never commit offences that require proof of any mental element
- DThe offence was a strict liability offence
Answer key
- 1. B · R v Dudley and Stephens
- 2. B · The Sexual Offences Act 2003
- 3. A · Beyond reasonable doubt
- 4. A · An assault, as silent calls can cause apprehension of immediate force
- 5. C · Guilty of attempt, as impossibility is no defence under the 1981 Act
- 6. B · It meant the defendant lacked the required mens rea
- 7. A · An agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, with intent that it be carried out
- 8. B · The store manager was not part of the company's "directing mind and will"
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