1.Easy
Differences between age groups that are caused by growing up in different historical times are called:
- ACeiling effects
- BPractice effects
- COrder effects
- DCohort effects
2.Easy
The "rouge test", in which a mark is placed on a child's nose before they look in a mirror, measures:
- AVisual self-recognition
- BDepth perception
- CUnderstanding false beliefs
- DObject permanence
3.Easy
Who introduced the "zone of proximal development"?
- ALawrence Kohlberg
- BJean Piaget
- CLev Vygotsky
- DJohn Bowlby
4.Medium
Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated:
- APunishment of a model always reduces children's aggression
- BChildren only imitate other children
- CAggression is purely genetic
- DChildren learn aggressive behaviour by observing adults
5.Medium
In the Strange Situation, an infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and ignores or turns away from her when she returns. This infant is classed as:
- AInsecure-resistant
- BDisorganised
- CInsecure-avoidant
- DSecurely attached
6.Medium
According to Piaget, assimilation means:
- AFitting new information into an existing schema
- BCopying the behaviour of a model
- CForgetting an old schema
- DChanging an existing schema to fit new information
7.Hard
Samuel and Bryant asked children about conservation only once, after the transformation, instead of before and after. Their results showed that:
- AChildren did worse than in Piaget's version, so he overestimated them
- BNo child could conserve before age 11 in either version of the task
- CThe number of questions asked made no difference to the results
- DChildren did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
8.Hard
Turiel found that young children say hitting is wrong even if a teacher allows it, but wearing pyjamas to school is fine if the teacher allows it. This suggests children:
- ADistinguish moral rules from social conventions early
- BHave no understanding of rules before age 7
- CThink that clothing rules are more serious than hitting
- DJudge all rules only by adult authority
Answer key
- 1. D · Cohort effects
- 2. A · Visual self-recognition
- 3. C · Lev Vygotsky
- 4. D · Children learn aggressive behaviour by observing adults
- 5. C · Insecure-avoidant
- 6. A · Fitting new information into an existing schema
- 7. D · Children did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
- 8. A · Distinguish moral rules from social conventions early
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