1.Easy
Object permanence is the understanding that:
- AOther people have different thoughts
- BObjects continue to exist when they cannot be seen
- CObjects can be sorted by size
- DThe amount of liquid stays the same in a different glass
2.Easy
A child understands that she will stay a girl even if she cuts her hair short or plays football. Kohlberg called this:
- AGender typing
- BGender constancy
- CGender role
- DGender schema
3.Easy
A teratogen is:
- AA hormone released by the placenta to start labour
- BAn outside agent that can harm prenatal development
- CA reflex that is present in newborn babies only
- DA gene that controls the timing of puberty in teens
4.Medium
In the Strange Situation, an infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and ignores or turns away from her when she returns. This infant is classed as:
- ADisorganised
- BInsecure-resistant
- CInsecure-avoidant
- DSecurely attached
5.Medium
Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:
- ACan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- BPrefer their own reflection
- CAre born with full adult vision
- DBecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
6.Medium
Shown 7 roses and 3 tulips, a 5-year-old says there are more roses than flowers. Which ability is still lacking?
- AClass inclusion
- BObject permanence
- CDeferred imitation
- DTheory of mind
7.Hard
In a Bobo doll variation, children who saw a model punished imitated less aggression, but when all children were offered rewards to copy the model, the differences disappeared. This shows:
- AThat children learn only through direct reinforcement of their own actions
- BThat punishment prevents any learning
- CThat aggression is entirely innate
- DA difference between learning a behaviour and performing it
8.Hard
Samuel and Bryant asked children about conservation only once, after the transformation, instead of before and after. Their results showed that:
- AChildren did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
- BNo child could conserve before age 11 in either version of the task
- CThe number of questions asked made no difference to the results
- DChildren did worse than in Piaget's version, so he overestimated them
Answer key
- 1. B · Objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen
- 2. B · Gender constancy
- 3. B · An outside agent that can harm prenatal development
- 4. C · Insecure-avoidant
- 5. A · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- 6. A · Class inclusion
- 7. D · A difference between learning a behaviour and performing it
- 8. A · Children did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
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