1.Easy
Conservation is the understanding that:
- ARules of a game can be changed if all the players agree
- BOther people have beliefs
- CQuantity stays the same when its appearance changes
- DObjects exist when out of sight
2.Easy
Wariness or fear when an unfamiliar person approaches, typically appearing in the second half of the first year, is called:
- AStranger anxiety
- BSeparation anxiety
- CImprinting
- DSocial referencing
3.Easy
According to Erikson, the main challenge of young adulthood is:
- AIntimacy versus isolation
- BGenerativity versus stagnation
- CIdentity versus role confusion
- DIntegrity versus despair
4.Medium
A 5-year-old says a boy who broke 15 cups by accident is naughtier than a boy who broke 1 cup while stealing jam. Piaget called this:
- AHeteronomous morality (moral realism)
- BFormal operational moral thought
- CAutonomous morality (moral relativism)
- DPost-conventional moral reasoning
5.Medium
Older adults often prefer spending time with a few close friends rather than meeting new people. Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory explains this as:
- AA gradual loss of social skills that tends to come with increasing age
- BA decline in crystallised intelligence and memory
- CFear of strangers that grows steadily in later life
- DFocusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
6.Medium
Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:
- APrefer their own reflection
- BAre born with full adult vision
- CCan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- DBecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
7.Hard
In Vygotsky's theory, private speech in young children is seen as:
- AA symptom of a language delay
- BA tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
- CSpeech mainly intended to communicate information to other people nearby
- DA sign of egocentrism with no function
8.Hard
Dodge found that aggressive children are more likely to think a peer who bumped into them did it on purpose, even when the situation was ambiguous. This is called:
- ASelf-serving bias
- BHostile attribution bias
- CThe personal fable
- DImaginary audience bias
Answer key
- 1. C · Quantity stays the same when its appearance changes
- 2. A · Stranger anxiety
- 3. A · Intimacy versus isolation
- 4. A · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
- 5. D · Focusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
- 6. C · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- 7. B · A tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
- 8. B · Hostile attribution bias
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