Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A new test was compared with the reference standard in a study (see the 2 × 2 table). Find the positive predictive value PPV as a percentage. Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A town has 35 500 inhabitants. At the start of a year, 706 of them have a chronic disease. During the year, 707 more people are newly diagnosed (assume nobody moves away or dies). Find the cumulative incidence CI over the year per 1000 people at risk. Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). In a randomised trial, 890 patients received a new treatment and 780 received the control treatment. The table shows how many in each group had the outcome (an unwanted event such as a stroke). Find the number needed to treat NNT to prevent one event. Round up to a whole number of patients.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). In a cohort, groups of people were followed for different lengths of time (see the table: number of people and years of follow-up for each). During follow-up, 54 new cases occurred. Find the incidence rate IR per 1000 person-years. Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A treatment reduces the risk of an event by 45% in relative terms (RRR = 45%). In a patient group the risk without treatment (CER) is 3% over five years. Find the number needed to treat NNT for five years to prevent one event. Round up to a whole number of patients.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). Without a drug, 33% of patients have a certain side effect during a year. The drug raises this risk with a relative risk of RR = 2.14. Find the number needed to harm NNH: how many patients must take the drug for a year for one extra patient to have the side effect? Round up to a whole number of patients.
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