1.Easy
The frustration–aggression hypothesis states that:
- ABeing blocked from a goal makes aggression more likely
- BAggression is learned only by watching other people
- CActing aggressively always removes the frustration
- DFrustration leads to withdrawal rather than aggression
2.Easy
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when:
- APeople change attitudes to match behaviour
- BA group makes a riskier decision than its members would alone
- CPeople remember only predictions that came true
- DAn expectation causes behaviour that makes it true
3.Easy
When forming an impression of someone, information we receive first often has the greatest influence. This is the:
- AHalo effect
- BPrimacy effect
- CRecency effect
- DSleeper effect
4.Medium
According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route of persuasion produces longer-lasting attitude change?
- AThe central route, based on careful thinking about the arguments
- BBoth produce exactly the same change
- CNeither produces any attitude change
- DThe peripheral route, based on cues such as the source's attractiveness
5.Medium
Which factor reduced obedience most in Milgram's variations?
- AIncreasing the shock levels shown on the machine
- BMoving the study to a prestigious university
- CHaving the experimenter wear a lab coat
- DThe experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Medium
Which concept describes believing that others share our opinions more than they actually do?
- AHalo effect
- BFalse consensus effect
- CFundamental attribution error
- DJust-world belief
7.Hard
In Batson's studies, participants who felt high empathy for a woman receiving shocks offered to take her place even when they could easily leave. This supports:
- AKin selection
- BThe arousal: cost–reward model
- CThe empathy–altruism hypothesis
- DThe negative state relief model only
8.Hard
Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc showed octagons too briefly to be recognised. Later, participants could not tell old from new shapes but preferred the ones shown before. This suggests:
- ALiking depends only on what can be consciously remembered from before
- BPeople always know which shapes they have seen before
- CVery brief exposure tends to reduce liking for a shape
- DMere exposure can raise liking without conscious recognition
Answer key
- 1. A · Being blocked from a goal makes aggression more likely
- 2. D · An expectation causes behaviour that makes it true
- 3. B · Primacy effect
- 4. A · The central route, based on careful thinking about the arguments
- 5. D · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
- 6. B · False consensus effect
- 7. C · The empathy–altruism hypothesis
- 8. D · Mere exposure can raise liking without conscious recognition
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