1.Easy
The bystander effect means that:
- AGroups make riskier decisions
- BBystanders are usually the main cause of the accidents they witness
- CPeople are less likely to help when others are present
- DPeople always help when they see an emergency
2.Easy
Attitudes are typically described as having which three components?
- ASensory, short-term and long-term
- BConscious, preconscious and unconscious
- CId, ego and superego
- DAffective, behavioural and cognitive
3.Easy
Social facilitation means that the presence of others:
- AHas no effect on performance
- BAlways worsens performance, whatever kind of task is being done
- CMakes people forget instructions
- DImproves performance on simple or well-learned tasks
4.Medium
A friend suggests hitting a punching bag to "get anger out of your system". What does research by Bushman and others suggest?
- AVenting has no effect on mood or on later behaviour
- BVenting like this tends to increase later aggression
- CVenting helps only if done in front of the target
- DVenting reliably reduces anger and so lowers later aggression
5.Medium
A smoker who knows smoking is harmful tells himself "the research isn't really conclusive". In dissonance terms, he is reducing dissonance by:
- AIncreasing the importance of the conflict
- BConforming to a group norm
- CChanging one of the conflicting cognitions
- DChanging his behaviour
6.Medium
In Hofling's hospital study, a "doctor" phoned nurses and told them to give a dose of an unfamiliar drug that exceeded the label's maximum. Almost all the nurses started to comply. This shows:
- AObedience to authority in a real-world setting
- BInformational influence from the drug label
- CConformity to a group of peers
- DSocial loafing among hospital staff
7.Hard
Baumrind criticised Milgram's obedience study mainly because:
- AParticipants were paid so much that they felt obliged
- BParticipants were deceived and put under severe stress
- CThe shocks were real and physically harmed the learner
- DThe sample was too small to generalise from at all
8.Hard
The contact hypothesis states that contact reduces prejudice best when groups:
- AHave equal status, shared goals, cooperation and institutional support
- BAre brought together by force, without any support from the authorities
- CMeet only once briefly
- DCompete against each other
Answer key
- 1. C · People are less likely to help when others are present
- 2. D · Affective, behavioural and cognitive
- 3. D · Improves performance on simple or well-learned tasks
- 4. B · Venting like this tends to increase later aggression
- 5. C · Changing one of the conflicting cognitions
- 6. A · Obedience to authority in a real-world setting
- 7. B · Participants were deceived and put under severe stress
- 8. A · Have equal status, shared goals, cooperation and institutional support
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