CNA 模拟测试(护理员知识考试练习):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 4 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

护理助理(CNA)知识

方法

  1. 检查住养者此刻是否处于危险中(呼吸停止、噎住、跌倒、胸痛、卒中征象);如果是,先保证其安全并立即叫护士。
  2. 问一问这项任务是否在护理助理的职责范围和培训范围内;如果不是,礼貌地拒绝并告知护士。
  3. 尊重住养者的权利:隐私、选择权、拒绝照护、尊严,以及免受虐待和不必要的约束。
  4. 应用基本规则:手卫生、人体力学、床放低且呼叫器在伸手可及处、穿衣时先穿弱侧。
  5. 观察并报告:与住养者平时的状态比较,及时、客观地报告变化。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

2练习题

1.护理助理(CNA)知识中等

A nursing assistant notices that a task on the care plan no longer seems to fit a resident's needs. What should the nursing assistant do?

  1. AReport what they see to the nurse, who can review the plan
  2. BChange the written care plan so that it matches the resident's needs
  3. CStop doing the task without telling anyone
  4. DKeep following the plan and say nothing
2.护理助理(CNA)知识困难

A resident's fluid intake for the day is 2400 mL, but her urine output is only 400 mL. What should the nursing assistant do?

  1. AChange her intake record so it matches the output
  2. BReport the large difference between intake and output to the nurse
  3. CEncourage her to drink even more fluid to raise the amount of urine she passes
  4. DRecord the numbers and take no further action
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
8 lb 12 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 12 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

8 lb 12 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
1½ fl oz? mL3 tsp? mL3 杯? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1½ fl oz / 果汁, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL

3溶液

1.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: A · Report what they see to the nurse, who can review the plan

为什么是这个答案

The nursing assistant's observations help the nurse and team update the care plan. Changing it alone, or silently stopping care, is outside the role and can harm the resident.

答案

A · Report what they see to the nurse, who can review the plan
2.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: B · Report the large difference between intake and output to the nurse

为什么是这个答案

A big gap between intake and output can mean fluid is being kept in the body or there is a problem with urine flow. The nurse is told so the resident can be assessed. Records are never altered.

答案

B · Report the large difference between intake and output to the nurse
3.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 3.98 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

12 oz/16 = 0.75 lb
8 + 0.75 = 8.75 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 8.75/2.2 = 3.977 ≈ 3.98 kg

答案

m = 3.98 kg
4.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 780 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

1½ fl oz = 1.5·30 = 45 mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
3 杯 = 3·240 = 720 mL

相加

V = 45 + 15 + 720 = 780 mL

答案

V = 780 mL

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