CNA 模拟测试(护理员知识考试练习):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 4 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

护理助理(CNA)知识

方法

  1. 检查住养者此刻是否处于危险中(呼吸停止、噎住、跌倒、胸痛、卒中征象);如果是,先保证其安全并立即叫护士。
  2. 问一问这项任务是否在护理助理的职责范围和培训范围内;如果不是,礼貌地拒绝并告知护士。
  3. 尊重住养者的权利:隐私、选择权、拒绝照护、尊严,以及免受虐待和不必要的约束。
  4. 应用基本规则:手卫生、人体力学、床放低且呼叫器在伸手可及处、穿衣时先穿弱侧。
  5. 观察并报告:与住养者平时的状态比较,及时、客观地报告变化。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

2练习题

1.护理助理(CNA)知识中等

How can a nursing assistant encourage a resident to drink more fluids?

  1. APut the water pitcher on a shelf across the room
  2. BOffer preferred drinks often and keep fresh water within reach
  3. COffer fluids only at mealtimes
  4. DTell the resident to drink a liter at once in the morning
2.护理助理(CNA)知识困难

After a fall, a resident has severe hip pain, and one leg looks shorter and turned outward. What should the nursing assistant do?

  1. ALift her into bed with another nursing assistant so she is comfortable
  2. BKeep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
  3. CStraighten the leg to make her comfortable
  4. DHelp her stand to see if she can walk
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
192 cm1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? in

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 192 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。

192 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
4 mg/dL? µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 4 mg/dL。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 µmol/L 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。

4 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L

3溶液

1.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: B · Offer preferred drinks often and keep fresh water within reach

为什么是这个答案

Offering small amounts of preferred drinks often, and keeping fresh water and a cup within reach, helps residents drink enough. Unless fluids are restricted, the goal is steady intake through the day.

答案

B · Offer preferred drinks often and keep fresh water within reach
2.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: B · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away

为什么是这个答案

A shortened, outwardly rotated leg with hip pain suggests a hip fracture. Moving the resident can cause more injury, so she is kept still and comfortable while the nurse assesses her.

答案

B · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
3.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 75.6 in

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

厘米换算为英寸

h = 192/2.54 = 75.59 ≈ 75.6 in

答案

h = 75.6 in
4.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 354 µmol/L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 4·88.4 = 353.6 ≈ 354 µmol/L

答案

c = 354 µmol/L

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