CNA 模拟测试(护理员知识考试练习):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 4 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

护理助理(CNA)知识

方法

  1. 检查住养者此刻是否处于危险中(呼吸停止、噎住、跌倒、胸痛、卒中征象);如果是,先保证其安全并立即叫护士。
  2. 问一问这项任务是否在护理助理的职责范围和培训范围内;如果不是,礼貌地拒绝并告知护士。
  3. 尊重住养者的权利:隐私、选择权、拒绝照护、尊严,以及免受虐待和不必要的约束。
  4. 应用基本规则:手卫生、人体力学、床放低且呼叫器在伸手可及处、穿衣时先穿弱侧。
  5. 观察并报告:与住养者平时的状态比较,及时、客观地报告变化。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

2练习题

1.护理助理(CNA)知识中等

For which residents is reality orientation most useful?

  1. AResidents who are fully alert and oriented
  2. BResidents with advanced dementia who become very upset whenever they are corrected
  3. CResidents with mild confusion who can benefit from reminders of time and place
  4. DResidents who are unconscious
2.护理助理(CNA)知识困难

A married resident's wife visits, and the couple ask for some private time together. What should the nursing assistant do?

  1. ATell them that private time is not allowed for residents in the facility
  2. BStay in the room in case the resident needs help
  3. CGive them privacy, such as closing the door, following facility policy
  4. DLeave the door open so staff can watch from the hall
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C? °F37.4 °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 37.4 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。

37.4 °C
T = °F
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0019:3508:55t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 19:35 开始,到次日早晨 08:55 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?

19:3508:55
t = min

3溶液

1.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: C · Residents with mild confusion who can benefit from reminders of time and place

为什么是这个答案

Reality orientation uses calendars, clocks and gentle reminders of the date, time and place. It suits residents with mild confusion. For advanced dementia, constant correction can cause distress, and validation may work better.

答案

C · Residents with mild confusion who can benefit from reminders of time and place
2.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: C · Give them privacy, such as closing the door, following facility policy

为什么是这个答案

Residents have the right to private visits, including with a spouse. The nursing assistant provides privacy, for example by closing the door and using a privacy sign, while following facility policy.

答案

C · Give them privacy, such as closing the door, following facility policy
3.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 99.3 °F

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

乘以 9/5

37.4·9/5 = 67.32

加 32

T = 67.32 + 32 = 99.32 ≈ 99.3 °F

答案

T = 99.3 °F
4.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 800 min

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

19:35 → 24:00 = 265 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 08:55 = 535 min

合计

t = 265 + 535 = 800 min

答案

t = 800 min

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