CNA 模拟测试(护理员知识考试练习):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 4 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

护理助理(CNA)知识

方法

  1. 检查住养者此刻是否处于危险中(呼吸停止、噎住、跌倒、胸痛、卒中征象);如果是,先保证其安全并立即叫护士。
  2. 问一问这项任务是否在护理助理的职责范围和培训范围内;如果不是,礼貌地拒绝并告知护士。
  3. 尊重住养者的权利:隐私、选择权、拒绝照护、尊严,以及免受虐待和不必要的约束。
  4. 应用基本规则:手卫生、人体力学、床放低且呼叫器在伸手可及处、穿衣时先穿弱侧。
  5. 观察并报告:与住养者平时的状态比较,及时、客观地报告变化。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

2练习题

1.护理助理(CNA)知识中等

A dying resident shouts at staff and complains about everything. Which response is best?

  1. ATell him that other residents in his situation are much more polite
  2. BStay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack
  3. CSpeak sharply so that he knows his behavior is wrong
  4. DAvoid his room as much as possible until he calms down
2.护理助理(CNA)知识困难

On a very hot day, a resident is sweating heavily, feels dizzy and has a headache. What should the nursing assistant do?

  1. ATake her for a short walk outside in the sun so that she feels better
  2. BMove her somewhere cooler, offer fluids if allowed and tell the nurse
  3. CGive her a hot drink so that she sweats out the extra heat
  4. DCover her with a blanket and close the windows to stop drafts
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111218:10?8:10 PM5:10 PM6:10 AM6:10 PM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 18:10(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

18:10
  1. 18:10 PM
  2. 25:10 PM
  3. 36:10 AM
  4. 46:10 PM
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
¾ 杯? mL3 fl oz? mL½ tbsp? mL3 tsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了¾ 杯 / 茶, 3 fl oz / 果汁, ½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL

3溶液

1.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: B · Stay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack

为什么是这个答案

Anger is a common stage of grief, and it is often directed at caregivers. Staying calm, listening and continuing good care helps the resident. Avoiding him would leave him alone when he needs support.

答案

B · Stay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack
2.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: B · Move her somewhere cooler, offer fluids if allowed and tell the nurse

为什么是这个答案

Older adults are at high risk of heat illness. Moving the resident to a cooler area, offering fluids unless restricted and getting the nurse quickly can prevent progression to heat stroke.

答案

B · Move her somewhere cooler, offer fluids if allowed and tell the nurse
3.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 6:10 PM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

18 − 12 = 6 → PM

答案

6:10 PM

答案

6:10 PM
4.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 292.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

¾ 杯 = 0.75·240 = 180 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL

相加

V = 180 + 90 + 7.5 + 15 = 292.5 mL

答案

V = 292.5 mL

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