感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
A nurse teaches parents of a toddler about drowning prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?
一名正在静脉输液的老年患者出现气短,肺部有湿啰音,踝部肿胀。最可能的问题是什么?
哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快?
答案: B · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
答案: B · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
A toddler should never be left alone in the bath, even for a moment and even in shallow water. Fencing pools, constant close supervision and emptying containers are correct.
答案: B · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.
答案: B · 液体超负荷
静脉治疗期间出现气短、湿啰音、呼吸频率增快和水肿提示液体超负荷。护士应视情况停止或减慢输液,让患者坐起并上报。
答案: C · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。
答案: D · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素
S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在,并且能耐受重新加热,因此症状很快出现。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety