感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?

  1. AVisit as usual after washing the hands
  2. BPostpone the visit until the visitor is well
  3. CVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
  4. DVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches parents of a toddler about drowning prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“We keep the gate in the pool fence closed and locked at all times.”
  2. B“I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
  3. C“I stay within arm’s reach of my child whenever we are near any water.”
  4. D“I empty buckets of water as soon as I have used them.”
3.护理学基础中等

A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?

  1. AFrom the length of the bed
  2. BFrom the length of the forearm (ulna)
  3. CBy asking a visitor to guess
  4. DFrom the size of the patient's shoes
4.护理学基础困难

一名正在静脉输液的老年患者出现气短,肺部有湿啰音,踝部肿胀。最可能的问题是什么?

  1. A对静脉输液的正常反应
  2. B液体超负荷
  3. C低血糖
  4. D脱水
5.微生物学中等

哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?

  1. A沙门氏菌感染
  2. B甲型肝炎
  3. C艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
  4. D幽门螺杆菌感染
6.微生物学困难

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快?

  1. A免疫系统在几分钟内对细菌产生反应
  2. B细菌在肠道内繁殖得非常快并侵入肠壁
  3. C细菌立即侵入血液
  4. D细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well

为什么是这个答案

Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.

答案

B · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”

为什么是这个答案

A toddler should never be left alone in the bath, even for a moment and even in shallow water. Fencing pools, constant close supervision and emptying containers are correct.

答案

B · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
3.护理学基础

答案: B · From the length of the forearm (ulna)

为什么是这个答案

MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.

答案

B · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
4.护理学基础

答案: B · 液体超负荷

为什么是这个答案

静脉治疗期间出现气短、湿啰音、呼吸频率增快和水肿提示液体超负荷。护士应视情况停止或减慢输液,让患者坐起并上报。

答案

B · 液体超负荷
5.微生物学

答案: C · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染

为什么是这个答案

抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。

答案

C · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
6.微生物学

答案: D · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

为什么是这个答案

S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在,并且能耐受重新加热,因此症状很快出现。

答案

D · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

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