感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A parent says, “I tell my son his medicine is candy so he takes it.” What should the nurse teach?

  1. AThis is a good idea and makes giving medicine easier
  2. BIt is fine as long as the medicine is kept in the fridge
  3. CIt only matters for medicines that taste bitter or are hard to swallow
  4. DDo not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?

  1. AExplain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
  2. BKeep visits short to limit the risk of spreading MRSA
  3. CAsk the provider for a sedative to help the patient cope
  4. DStop the precautions for a few days so the patient feels less isolated and alone
3.护理学基础中等

How can nurses help patients sleep better on a hospital ward at night?

  1. AKeep the main lights on so staff can see clearly
  2. BDo routine tasks such as bed changes at midnight while it is quiet
  3. CGroup care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
  4. DGive every patient a sleeping tablet
4.护理学基础困难

A patient says, "I've bought nicotine patches and I'm stopping smoking on Monday." Which stage of change is this?

  1. AAction
  2. BMaintenance
  3. CPreparation
  4. DContemplation
5.微生物学中等

ELISA 检测的是什么？

  1. A利用能引起颜色变化的酶检测特异性抗原或抗体
  2. B固体琼脂平板上的细菌生长
  3. C整个细菌基因组的 DNA 序列
  4. D显微镜下细菌的形状
6.微生物学困难

1854年，约翰·斯诺把伦敦的一次霍乱暴发追溯到宽街（Broad Street）的水泵。这项研究为什么重要？

  1. A它表明霍乱通过被污染的水传播，奠定了现代流行病学的基础
  2. B它证明霍乱是由病毒引起的
  3. C它直接促成了第一支霍乱疫苗
  4. D它表明霍乱通过"瘴气"传播

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching

为什么是这个答案

Calling medicine candy encourages children to look for it and swallow it, which can lead to poisoning. Parents are taught to call medicine medicine and keep it locked away.

答案

D · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room

为什么是这个答案

Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.

答案

A · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often

为什么是这个答案

Clustering care, dimming lights, reducing noise and offering eye masks or earplugs improve sleep. Sedatives carry risks and are not routine.

答案

C · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Preparation

为什么是这个答案

In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.

答案

C · Preparation
5.微生物学

答案: A · 利用能引起颜色变化的酶检测特异性抗原或抗体

为什么是这个答案

在酶联免疫吸附试验中，与酶相连的抗体结合目标物。加入底物后会产生颜色，从而显示抗原或抗体是否存在。

答案

A · 利用能引起颜色变化的酶检测特异性抗原或抗体
6.微生物学

答案: A · 它表明霍乱通过被污染的水传播，奠定了现代流行病学的基础

为什么是这个答案

斯诺绘制了水泵周围的病例分布图，并将病例与该泵的水联系起来。拆除水泵把手是利用流行病学查明并切断传染源的经典例子，而当时病原菌尚未被发现。

答案

A · 它表明霍乱通过被污染的水传播，奠定了现代流行病学的基础

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety