感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?

  1. ARest the lip of the bottle on the edge of the bowl so that the saline does not splash
  2. BPour from below the level of the field to reduce splashing
  3. CHold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
  4. DReach across the field to fill the bowl at the far side
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
  2. BGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
  3. CCheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
  4. DTell the patient they must be confused
3.护理学基础中等

A patient with right-sided weakness is moving from bed to chair. Where should the chair be placed?

  1. AOn the patient's left side, close to the bed
  2. BAt the foot of the bed facing away
  3. CAcross the room so the patient can practise walking
  4. DOn the patient's right side, close to the bed
4.护理学基础困难

In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARefuse to give any medicine until a written prescription has been completed
  2. BGive it and tell the doctor nothing more
  3. CWrite it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
  4. DAsk another nurse to remember the order
5.微生物学中等

在细菌生长曲线的哪个阶段，细胞以最快的恒定速率分裂？

  1. A衰亡期
  2. B对数（指数）期
  3. C迟缓期（适应期）
  4. D稳定期（平台期）
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播？

  1. A甲型和戊型肝炎
  2. B乙型和丙型肝炎
  3. C丙型和戊型肝炎
  4. D乙型和丁型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl

为什么是这个答案

The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.

答案

C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose

为什么是这个答案

Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.

答案

C · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
3.护理学基础

答案: A · On the patient's left side, close to the bed

为什么是这个答案

Placing the chair on the strong side lets the patient pivot and bear weight on the stronger leg, making the transfer safer.

答案

A · On the patient's left side, close to the bed
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy

为什么是这个答案

Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.

答案

C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
5.微生物学

答案: B · 对数（指数）期

为什么是这个答案

经过适应性的迟缓期后，细胞进入对数期并呈指数生长。在稳定期，由于营养耗尽、废物积累，生长停止。

答案

B · 对数（指数）期
6.微生物学

答案: A · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型（A）和戊型（E）肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播，并可引起慢性感染。

答案

A · 甲型和戊型肝炎

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