感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?
A patient weighs 180 kg and needs to be moved from bed to chair. The standard ceiling lift on the unit has a lower weight limit. What should the nurse do?
Which care best protects the skin of a patient with frequent urinary incontinence?
Braden 或 Waterlow 量表用于评估:
哪种疫苗含有减毒活病毒?
抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)是:
答案: D · Increasing sedation
Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.
答案: C · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
Using equipment above its rated capacity can cause collapse and injury. Bariatric lifts, chairs and beds are used, with enough trained staff and a plan agreed in advance.
答案: C · Gentle cleansing after each episode and a barrier product
Moisture and urine break down the skin barrier. Prompt, gentle cleansing with a pH-balanced cleanser and a barrier cream or film protects against incontinence-associated dermatitis.
答案: B · 压力性损伤风险
两种量表都用于估计压力性损伤风险,并指导翻身、减压床垫和营养支持等预防措施。
答案: C · MMR(麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹)疫苗
MMR 含有减毒活病毒,它们会少量复制,产生强大而持久的免疫力。破伤风疫苗是类毒素,乙肝疫苗是亚单位疫苗。
答案: B · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度
MIC 是抑制可见生长的最低浓度。最低杀菌浓度(MBC)是杀死 99.9% 细菌的最低浓度。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety