感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
为什么对胰岛素和肝素输注等某些药物要采用独立双人核对?
A patient on airborne precautions for tuberculosis wants to walk in the hallway. What is the best response?
When is a sputum sample for culture best collected?
Two days after surgery a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. What is the most helpful nursing action, alongside reporting it?
引起唇疱疹和水痘的病毒属于哪个病毒科?
一位老年人在胸部一侧出现带状分布的疼痛性水疱疹。如何解释这种分布?
答案: A · 由第二人单独核对,可以发现被漏掉的差错
在独立双人核对中,第二名有资质的人员自行核对医嘱、药物、剂量、计算和泵的设置。这可以发现高警示药物中可能造成严重伤害的差错。
答案: C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答案: A · In the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
An early-morning sample from deep in the chest gives the best yield. Saliva is not sputum, and antibiotics can stop organisms growing in the lab.
答案: B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
These signs suggest atelectasis or early chest infection. Deep breathing, coughing, adequate pain relief and mobilisation help re-expand the lungs.
答案: A · 疱疹病毒
单纯疱疹病毒(唇疱疹)和水痘-带状疱疹病毒(水痘、带状疱疹)都是疱疹病毒,潜伏在感觉神经节中并可再次激活。
答案: C · 水痘-带状疱疹病毒从一个感觉神经节重新激活,并沿其神经移行
患水痘后,VZV 潜伏在脊神经后根或脑神经节中。当免疫力下降时,它可能重新激活,沿该神经下行,在其支配的皮节引起带状疱疹。
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