感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?

  1. AClipping with electric clippers just before surgery
  2. BShaving with a razor just before the incision
  3. CShaving with a disposable razor the night before surgery
  4. DUsing wax strips on the morning of surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
  2. B“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
  3. C“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
  4. D“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
3.护理学基础中等

A dying patient is no longer drinking and breathes through the mouth. What mouth care is most appropriate?

  1. AClean the mouth only once a day with a hard toothbrush
  2. BKeep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
  3. CAvoid mouth care so the patient is not disturbed
  4. DGive large drinks of water every hour
4.护理学基础困难

On the morning of surgery, a patient who signed the consent form says they do not understand what the operation involves. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend the patient to theatre, as the form is already signed
  2. BInform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
  3. CReassure the patient that signing the form is enough for consent to be valid
  4. DExplain the operation's risks themselves and go ahead
5.微生物学中等

在感染链中，"储存宿主"（reservoir）是什么？

  1. A病原体进入新宿主的方式
  2. B感染风险最高的人
  3. C病原体离开被感染宿主身体的途径
  4. D病原体通常生存和繁殖的地方
6.微生物学困难

金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快？

  1. A细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素
  2. B细菌立即侵入血液
  3. C免疫系统在几分钟内对细菌产生反应
  4. D细菌在肠道内繁殖得非常快并侵入肠壁

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.

答案

A · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”

为什么是这个答案

MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.

答案

D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care

为什么是这个答案

Frequent gentle mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm keeps the patient comfortable. Forcing fluids risks choking and aspiration.

答案

B · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Consent is valid only if the patient understands the procedure, risks and alternatives. The nurse advocates for the patient and asks the person doing the procedure to discuss it again.

答案

B · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
5.微生物学

答案: D · 病原体通常生存和繁殖的地方

为什么是这个答案

感染链把病原体、储存宿主、排出门户、传播途径、侵入门户和易感宿主连接起来。打断任何一环都能阻止传播。

答案

D · 病原体通常生存和繁殖的地方
6.微生物学

答案: A · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

为什么是这个答案

S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在，并且能耐受重新加热，因此症状很快出现。

答案

A · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety