感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which kitchen practice helps prevent scald burns in young children?
一袋化疗药物泄漏到地板上。第一步是什么?
A patient with capacity wants to leave hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
The intact skin over a patient's heel is deep purple and feels boggy. What should be suspected?
固有免疫与适应性免疫的主要区别是什么?
一期梅毒的典型表现是:
答案: A · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答案: C · 穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
危险药物溢出应使用溢出处理包处理,包括经化疗药物测试的手套、隔离衣和护目装备。应封锁该区域,控制泄漏,清理后作为危险废物处置,并上报。
答案: B · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
An adult with capacity can discharge themselves. The nurse explains the risks, involves the doctor, offers follow-up and documents the decision; detaining them would be unlawful.
答案: C · A suspected deep tissue injury
A purple or maroon area of intact skin, often firm or boggy, suggests deep tissue injury from pressure and shear. It can quickly become a deep open ulcer, so pressure must be removed at once.
答案: D · 适应性免疫具有特异性并形成记忆,固有免疫则没有
固有防御(屏障、吞噬细胞、补体)作用迅速,而且每次方式相同。适应性免疫(B 细胞和 T 细胞)需要数天,对每种抗原具有特异性,并形成记忆。
答案: C · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡(硬下疳)
梅毒螺旋体(Treponema pallidum)在一期引起无痛性硬下疳。二期出现皮疹和全身症状,三期梅毒可损害心脏和神经系统。疼痛性水疱提示疱疹。
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