感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

病房暴发诺如病毒感染期间,工作人员在护理患者后应采用哪种手卫生方法?

  1. A仅使用酒精速干手消毒剂
  2. B仅用纸巾擦手
  3. C用肥皂和水洗手
  4. D戴过手套就不需要手卫生
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse cannot find a confused patient who was in their room 15 minutes ago. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ADocument the absence at the end of the shift
  2. BCall the family to ask whether the patient has gone home on their own
  3. CAlert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure
  4. DWait an hour in case the patient comes back
3.护理学基础中等

A nurse posts about an "interesting patient" on social media without naming them. Why is this a problem?

  1. AThe patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
  2. BIt is only a problem if the post also includes a photograph of the patient
  3. CIt is not a problem because no name was given
  4. DIt is not a problem if the account is private
4.护理学基础困难

An older patient with diarrhoea for three days is dizzy on standing and passing small amounts of dark urine. What is the most likely problem?

  1. AUrinary retention caused by a full bladder
  2. BFluid overload from drinking too much
  3. CNormal ageing that needs no action
  4. DDehydration from fluid loss
5.微生物学中等

人们通常如何感染 Legionella pneumophila?

  1. A通过接吻在人与人之间传播
  2. B被受感染的蜱叮咬
  3. C吸入来自被污染水系统的气溶胶
  4. D食用未煮熟的鸡肉或未经巴氏消毒的奶制品
6.微生物学困难

为什么克拉维酸等 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂要与阿莫西林联用?

  1. A它们使阿莫西林对病毒有效
  2. B它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解
  3. C它们减慢肾脏对阿莫西林的排泄,使其水平升高
  4. D它们本身通过细胞膜杀死细菌

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 用肥皂和水洗手

为什么是这个答案

酒精手消毒剂不能可靠地杀灭诺如病毒,所以应使用肥皂和水洗手,通过机械作用将其清除。同时还应采取接触传播预防和彻底的环境清洁。

答案

C · 用肥皂和水洗手
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Alert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure

为什么是这个答案

A missing vulnerable patient is an emergency. The nurse immediately activates the facility’s missing-patient procedure so a search starts, and the provider and family are informed per policy.

答案

C · Alert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure
3.护理学基础

答案: A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality

为什么是这个答案

Details such as the ward, the condition or the date can reveal who a patient is. Professional codes forbid sharing patient information on social media, even without names.

答案

A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Dehydration from fluid loss

为什么是这个答案

Diarrhoea causes loss of water and electrolytes. Postural dizziness and concentrated low-volume urine show dehydration, which needs fluid replacement, electrolyte checks and close monitoring.

答案

D · Dehydration from fluid loss
5.微生物学

答案: C · 吸入来自被污染水系统的气溶胶

为什么是这个答案

军团菌在温水系统中生长。人吸入被污染的气溶胶后可能患上军团病,这是一种严重的肺炎。它通常不在人与人之间传播。

答案

C · 吸入来自被污染水系统的气溶胶
6.微生物学

答案: B · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

为什么是这个答案

β-内酰胺酶会水解 β-内酰胺环。克拉维酸与这些酶结合,使阿莫西林对产 β-内酰胺酶的细菌保持活性。

答案

B · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

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