感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which measure reduces errors caused by interruptions during medication preparation?

  1. APreparing medications at the busiest place on the ward
  2. BPreparing medications for all patients at once
  3. CA quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications
  4. DAnswering phone calls and pages while counting tablets, to save time
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

During a disaster, the hospital needs to free beds quickly. Which patient is the best candidate for early discharge?

  1. AA patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
  2. BA patient on a ventilator in the intensive care unit who is slowly improving
  3. CA patient with ongoing chest pain awaiting cardiac tests
  4. DA patient on an IV heparin infusion that is still being adjusted
3.护理学基础中等

Where in the eye should eye drops be placed?

  1. ADirectly onto the centre of the cornea
  2. BInto the pocket of the lower eyelid
  3. CInto the inner corner of the eye only
  4. DOnto the upper eyelid while the eye is shut
4.护理学基础困难

Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?

  1. AStaff may override any decision they think is unwise
  2. BThe family must be asked to make the decision instead
  3. CAn unwise decision on its own proves that the person lacks capacity
  4. DAn unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
5.微生物学中等

为什么高疫苗接种覆盖率也能保护尚不能接种疫苗的婴儿？

  1. A能传播感染的人减少了，因此感染传播得更少
  2. B婴儿对所有疫苗可预防疾病天生免疫
  3. C疫苗能杀死环境中的病原体
  4. D接种过的人把抗体传给他们遇到的每一个人
6.微生物学困难

为什么在感染后的最初几周 HIV 抗体检测可能呈阴性？

  1. AHIV 根本不会引起抗体产生
  2. B机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体
  3. C抗体被检测试剂破坏
  4. D病毒在最初几周只藏在红细胞中

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · A quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications

为什么是这个答案

Interruptions during medication preparation are linked to more errors. Many units use quiet zones, vests or signs to show that the nurse should not be interrupted.

答案

C · A quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests

为什么是这个答案

In a surge, stable patients who could be safely cared for at home are discharged first. Patients who are unstable or need close monitoring or titrated infusions must stay.

答案

A · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid

为什么是这个答案

Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.

答案

B · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
4.护理学基础

答案: D · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity

为什么是这个答案

One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.

答案

D · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
5.微生物学

答案: A · 能传播感染的人减少了，因此感染传播得更少

为什么是这个答案

当足够多的人具有免疫力时，传播链就会断裂，病原体很少能到达易感人群，例如幼小的婴儿或免疫抑制患者。

答案

A · 能传播感染的人减少了，因此感染传播得更少
6.微生物学

答案: B · 机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体

为什么是这个答案

抗体需要数周才会出现。同时检测 p24 抗原的联合检测或病毒 RNA 检测可以缩短这一窗口期。

答案

B · 机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体

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