感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?

  1. AShaving with a disposable razor the night before surgery
  2. BShaving with a razor just before the incision
  3. CClipping with electric clippers just before surgery
  4. DUsing wax strips on the morning of surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient has a rash, and both smallpox and chickenpox are considered. Which finding suggests smallpox?

  1. AA rash that is very itchy and starts on the trunk
  2. BLesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
  3. CLesions at different stages, most dense on the trunk
  4. DSmall crops of new lesions appearing over several days in a row
3.护理学基础中等

A patient asks to see their own health records. What is correct in the UK?

  1. APatients can only see their records once they have been discharged
  2. BPatients have a legal right to request access to their records
  3. CPatients can see their records only with a court order
  4. DOnly doctors are allowed to see health records
4.护理学基础困难

Two days after surgery a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. What is the most helpful nursing action, alongside reporting it?

  1. AEncourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
  2. BRestrict all fluids to dry the secretions
  3. CKeep the patient lying flat in bed so they can rest and save energy
  4. DStop all pain relief so the patient stays alert
5.微生物学中等

刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）在妊娠期具有风险。哪项建议可以减少接触？

  1. A避免去游泳池和所有其他公共浴场
  2. B避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉
  3. C避免接触狗
  4. D避免食用所有水果和蔬菜
6.微生物学困难

为什么克拉维酸等 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂要与阿莫西林联用？

  1. A它们使阿莫西林对病毒有效
  2. B它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解
  3. C它们减慢肾脏对阿莫西林的排泄，使其水平升高
  4. D它们本身通过细胞膜杀死细菌

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.

答案

C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs

为什么是这个答案

In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.

答案

B · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Patients have a legal right to request access to their records

为什么是这个答案

Under data protection law, patients can request access to their health records. The nurse explains the local process for making a request.

答案

B · Patients have a legal right to request access to their records
4.护理学基础

答案: A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest atelectasis or early chest infection. Deep breathing, coughing, adequate pain relief and mobilisation help re-expand the lungs.

答案

A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
5.微生物学

答案: B · 避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉

为什么是这个答案

弓形虫卵囊随猫粪便排出，包囊存在于未煮熟的肉中。妊娠期感染可损害胎儿的大脑和眼睛。

答案

B · 避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉
6.微生物学

答案: B · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

为什么是这个答案

β-内酰胺酶会水解 β-内酰胺环。克拉维酸与这些酶结合，使阿莫西林对产 β-内酰胺酶的细菌保持活性。

答案

B · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

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