感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALeave it running and place a towel over it until it dries
  2. BWipe it dry quickly with a towel and keep using it for the infusion
  3. CSwitch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
  4. DTurn the pump upside down to drain it while running
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse has worked three long shifts in a row and feels exhausted. The manager asks the nurse to stay for another shift. What is the most appropriate response?

  1. AExplain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
  2. BAgree without telling anyone about the fatigue
  3. CAgree, but skip the independent medication checks to save energy on the shift
  4. DAgree and drink extra coffee to stay alert
3.护理学基础中等

How is pitting oedema checked?

  1. APress on the nail bed and time the return of colour
  2. BPress over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
  3. CMeasure the width of both calves with a tape measure once a week and compare them
  4. DPinch the skin on the back of the hand and see how fast it falls back
4.护理学基础困难

在 SBAR 沟通工具中,"A"代表什么?

  1. A入院
  2. B过敏
  3. C行动
  4. DAssessment(评估)
5.微生物学中等

mRNA 疫苗如何产生免疫力?

  1. A人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它
  2. BmRNA 在血液中直接杀死病毒
  3. CmRNA 被永久插入人类 DNA
  4. DmRNA 含有减毒活病毒
6.微生物学困难

一名年轻成人有咽痛、发热和淋巴结肿大,服用阿莫西林后出现广泛皮疹。最可能是哪种感染?

  1. A水痘
  2. B由 Epstein–Barr 病毒引起的传染性单核细胞增多症
  3. C链球菌性扁桃体炎
  4. D麻疹

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse

为什么是这个答案

Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.

答案

C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift

为什么是这个答案

Long hours and fatigue increase errors and injuries. Nurses have a professional responsibility to judge whether they are fit to work safely and to say so clearly.

答案

A · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent

为什么是这个答案

Pressing over a bony surface pushes fluid out of the tissue; a dent that stays shows pitting oedema. Its depth and how long it lasts are recorded.

答案

B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Assessment(评估)

为什么是这个答案

SBAR:Situation(现状)、Background(背景)、Assessment(你对问题的临床判断)和 Recommendation(你需要什么)。

答案

D · Assessment(评估)
5.微生物学

答案: A · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它

为什么是这个答案

mRNA 被细胞翻译成一种抗原,例如冠状病毒的刺突蛋白,免疫系统对其产生应答。mRNA 随后被降解,不会进入细胞核。

答案

A · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它
6.微生物学

答案: B · 由 Epstein–Barr 病毒引起的传染性单核细胞增多症

为什么是这个答案

传染性单核细胞增多症(腺热)由 EBV 引起。许多患者在患病期间服用阿莫西林后会出现皮疹。由于病因是病毒,抗生素没有帮助。

答案

B · 由 Epstein–Barr 病毒引起的传染性单核细胞增多症

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