感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?
A nurse has worked three long shifts in a row and feels exhausted. The manager asks the nurse to stay for another shift. What is the most appropriate response?
How is pitting oedema checked?
在 SBAR 沟通工具中,"A"代表什么?
mRNA 疫苗如何产生免疫力?
一名年轻成人有咽痛、发热和淋巴结肿大,服用阿莫西林后出现广泛皮疹。最可能是哪种感染?
答案: C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.
答案: A · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
Long hours and fatigue increase errors and injuries. Nurses have a professional responsibility to judge whether they are fit to work safely and to say so clearly.
答案: B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
Pressing over a bony surface pushes fluid out of the tissue; a dent that stays shows pitting oedema. Its depth and how long it lasts are recorded.
答案: D · Assessment(评估)
SBAR:Situation(现状)、Background(背景)、Assessment(你对问题的临床判断)和 Recommendation(你需要什么)。
答案: A · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它
mRNA 被细胞翻译成一种抗原,例如冠状病毒的刺突蛋白,免疫系统对其产生应答。mRNA 随后被降解,不会进入细胞核。
答案: B · 由 Epstein–Barr 病毒引起的传染性单核细胞增多症
传染性单核细胞增多症(腺热)由 EBV 引起。许多患者在患病期间服用阿莫西林后会出现皮疹。由于病因是病毒,抗生素没有帮助。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety