感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
病房暴发诺如病毒感染期间,工作人员在护理患者后应采用哪种手卫生方法?
A patient’s allergy band says “penicillin”, and an order has been written for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?
A dying patient asks to see a chaplain or religious leader. What should the nurse do?
After treatment for hypoglycaemia a patient's glucose is now 5.2 mmol/L (94 mg/dL) and the next meal is hours away. What should the nurse do next?
高压蒸汽灭菌器如何对器械进行灭菌?
HIV 等逆转录病毒如何把自己的基因组复制到宿主 DNA 中?
答案: A · 用肥皂和水洗手
酒精手消毒剂不能可靠地杀灭诺如病毒,所以应使用肥皂和水洗手,通过机械作用将其清除。同时还应采取接触传播预防和彻底的环境清洁。
答案: C · Hold the drug and contact the prescriber
Amoxicillin is a penicillin, so it could cause a serious allergic reaction. The nurse holds the drug, clarifies the allergy and contacts the prescriber for a safe alternative.
答案: A · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
Spiritual care is an important part of end-of-life care. The nurse responds promptly to such requests and records the patient's wishes.
答案: D · Give a longer-acting carbohydrate, such as a sandwich
Fast-acting glucose raises the level quickly but briefly. A starchy snack, or the next meal if due, keeps it from falling again. The episode is recorded and its cause reviewed.
答案: A · 用约121 °C 的加压蒸汽
加压蒸汽可达约121 °C,能杀死包括芽孢在内的所有微生物,通常需要约15分钟或更长时间,取决于装载量。
答案: A · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA,整合酶将其插入
逆转录酶把 RNA 基因组转变为 DNA,整合酶再把它作为前病毒插入宿主基因组。这两种酶都是药物靶点。
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