感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?

  1. AAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room with the door closed
  2. BA protective environment with filtered air
  3. CContact precautions in addition to standard precautions
  4. DDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
  2. B“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
  3. C“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
  4. D“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
3.护理学基础中等

How should a patient collect a midstream urine sample?

  1. ACollect the very first part of the stream in the pot, then pass the rest into the toilet
  2. BPass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
  3. CCollect urine from the toilet bowl after passing it
  4. DCollect the last few drops after the bladder is empty
4.护理学基础困难

Which pair of details is best for confirming a patient's identity before giving a medicine?

  1. AThe name on the door and the patient's face
  2. BBed number and the patient's first name, checked against the ward list
  3. CRoom number and diagnosis
  4. DFull name and date of birth, checked against the wristband
5.微生物学中等

在诊断实验室中，PCR 的作用是什么？

  1. A使细菌在琼脂平板上生长得更快
  2. B给细菌染色以便观察
  3. C大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
  4. D它测量患者血清样本中特定抗体的水平
6.微生物学困难

为什么流感病毒这样的负链 RNA 病毒必须把自己的 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶带入宿主细胞？

  1. A该聚合酶保护病毒免受抗体攻击
  2. B需要该聚合酶把基因组整合到宿主 DNA 中
  3. C宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA
  4. D宿主核糖体不能读取任何病毒基因

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions

为什么是这个答案

Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.

答案

C · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”

为什么是这个答案

MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.

答案

D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot

为什么是这个答案

After cleaning, the first stream flushes bacteria from the urethra, so the midstream part is collected in a sterile container. This reduces contamination.

答案

B · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband

为什么是这个答案

At least two personal identifiers, such as name, date of birth and hospital number, are checked with the patient and the wristband. Bed and room numbers change and are not identifiers.

答案

D · Full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband
5.微生物学

答案: C · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测

为什么是这个答案

聚合酶链反应能把目标序列扩增数百万倍，可以检测难以培养的病原体；RNA 病毒需先转化为 DNA（RT-PCR）。

答案

C · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
6.微生物学

答案: C · 宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA

为什么是这个答案

负链基因组必须先被复制成正链 mRNA。人体细胞没有以 RNA 为模板复制 RNA 的酶，所以病毒自带聚合酶。

答案

C · 宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA

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