感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

When walking with axillary crutches, where should the patient’s weight be taken?

  1. AOn the elbows, kept bent at a right angle with the crutch tops tucked under the arms
  2. BOn the shoulders, with the crutches pressed upward
  3. COn the armpits, resting on the crutch tops
  4. DOn the hands, with the crutch tops a few finger widths below the armpits
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient refuses to wear an identification wristband. What should the nurse do?

  1. AExplain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
  2. BAccept the refusal and identify the patient by room number and bed space instead
  3. CStop giving the patient any care until they agree to wear the band
  4. DForce the band onto the patient’s wrist
3.护理学基础中等

How should oxygen cylinders be stored on a ward?

  1. ALying loose on the floor under the bed so they cannot fall over
  2. BSecured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat
  3. CStacked on top of each other in a corridor
  4. DIn a warm cupboard next to the radiator
4.护理学基础困难

A patient spills hot tea on their forearm. What is the best immediate first aid?

  1. ACool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
  2. BPop any blisters to let the heat escape
  3. CCover it with butter or a greasy cream
  4. DPut ice or an ice pack directly on the burn for about 10 minutes
5.微生物学中等

什么是潜伏期？

  1. A从感染到出现最初症状的时间
  2. B实验室培养所需的时间
  3. C患者对他人保持传染性的时间
  4. D抗生素起效所需的时间
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播？

  1. A丙型和戊型肝炎
  2. B乙型和丙型肝炎
  3. C甲型和戊型肝炎
  4. D乙型和丁型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · On the hands, with the crutch tops a few finger widths below the armpits

为什么是这个答案

Weight is taken on the hands and arms. Leaning on the crutch tops can compress the brachial plexus and cause crutch palsy, so a gap is kept between the crutch top and the axilla.

答案

D · On the hands, with the crutch tops a few finger widths below the armpits
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document

为什么是这个答案

The nurse explains how the band prevents errors. If the patient still refuses, the nurse follows policy for alternative identification using two identifiers, informs the team and documents it.

答案

A · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Secured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat

为什么是这个答案

Cylinders are heavy and contain gas under pressure. They are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames, and are handled carefully.

答案

B · Secured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat
4.护理学基础

答案: A · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes

为什么是这个答案

Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.

答案

A · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
5.微生物学

答案: A · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间

为什么是这个答案

潜伏期是从接触病原体到症状出现的时间。有时在潜伏期内就已经可以传播感染。

答案

A · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间
6.微生物学

答案: C · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型（A）和戊型（E）肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播，并可引起慢性感染。

答案

C · 甲型和戊型肝炎

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