感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient with diabetes will use lancets and insulin needles at home. Which teaching about disposal is correct?

  1. ARecap each needle with two hands before putting it in the kitchen trash
  2. BPut them loose in the household trash bag, as long as the bag is tied shut
  3. CPut them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
  4. DFlush the used lancets and needles down the toilet
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

Which position is especially dangerous for a patient in physical restraints?

  1. ALying on the back with the head raised
  2. BLying on the side
  3. CLying face down (prone)
  4. DSitting upright in bed
3.护理学基础中等

A large pressure ulcer is left open and fills in with new tissue from its base. This is called healing by:

  1. ASecondary intention
  2. BDelayed intention
  3. CPrimary intention
  4. DTertiary intention
4.护理学基础困难

A patient standing for the first time after surgery becomes pale, sweaty and dizzy. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AEncourage the patient to keep walking to build strength
  2. BLeave the patient standing and fetch the blood pressure machine
  3. CGive the patient a sugary drink while standing
  4. DHelp the patient sit or lie down safely
5.微生物学中等

在诊断实验室中，PCR 的作用是什么？

  1. A给细菌染色以便观察
  2. B使细菌在琼脂平板上生长得更快
  3. C大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
  4. D它测量患者血清样本中特定抗体的水平
6.微生物学困难

Corynebacterium diphtheriae 只有在产生白喉毒素时才会引起白喉。它在什么情况下产生这种毒素？

  1. A只有在与 E. coli 接合并获得质粒之后
  2. B当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时
  3. C每当它接触抗生素时
  4. D只有在高温下培养时

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules

为什么是这个答案

Home sharps go into a puncture-resistant container, such as an approved sharps container or a rigid plastic bottle if local rules allow, which is closed and disposed of according to local guidance.

答案

C · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Lying face down (prone)

为什么是这个答案

Restraining a person face down can restrict breathing and has caused deaths from positional asphyxia. Restrained patients are positioned to protect the airway and are watched closely.

答案

C · Lying face down (prone)
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Secondary intention

为什么是这个答案

Wounds with tissue loss that cannot be closed heal by secondary intention, with granulation filling the wound and more scarring. Tertiary (delayed primary) closure is when a wound is left open first and closed later.

答案

A · Secondary intention
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Help the patient sit or lie down safely

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest postural hypotension and a risk of fainting. The nurse lowers the patient safely first, then checks blood pressure and pulse and reports the finding.

答案

D · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
5.微生物学

答案: C · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测

为什么是这个答案

聚合酶链反应能把目标序列扩增数百万倍，可以检测难以培养的病原体；RNA 病毒需先转化为 DNA（RT-PCR）。

答案

C · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
6.微生物学

答案: B · 当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时

为什么是这个答案

tox 基因由噬菌体携带。当噬菌体作为原噬菌体整合后，细菌就能产生毒素。不带该噬菌体的菌株不产毒。

答案

B · 当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety