感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why must visible dirt be removed from equipment before it is disinfected?

  1. ACleaning first is only needed for metal items
  2. BOrganic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
  3. CDisinfectants only work on wet surfaces
  4. DDirt makes the disinfectant react and work too strongly on the surface
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient’s allergy band says “penicillin”, and an order has been written for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive the drug and watch the patient closely
  2. BGive an antihistamine first and then the drug
  3. CHold the drug and contact the prescriber
  4. DAsk the patient whether they would like to take it anyway
3.护理学基础中等

Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?

  1. ABecause using different pain scales on one patient is against the law
  2. BBecause only one scale is valid for adults
  3. CSo the patient learns the right answer to give
  4. DSo scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
4.护理学基础困难

On the sacrum there is a shallow open area with a pink wound bed and no slough. How is this pressure ulcer classified?

  1. ACategory 4
  2. BCategory 1
  3. CCategory 2
  4. DCategory 3
5.微生物学中等

哪种生物引起伤寒？

  1. ACampylobacter jejuni
  2. BShigella dysenteriae
  3. CVibrio cholerae
  4. DSalmonella Typhi
6.微生物学困难

一名青少年出现发热、颈项强直和压之不褪色的紫色皮疹。脑脊液中发现革兰氏阴性双球菌。最可能的病原体是什么？

  1. AListeria monocytogenes
  2. BEscherichia coli
  3. CStreptococcus pneumoniae
  4. DNeisseria meningitidis

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant

为什么是这个答案

Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.

答案

B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Hold the drug and contact the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

Amoxicillin is a penicillin, so it could cause a serious allergic reaction. The nurse holds the drug, clarifies the allergy and contacts the prescriber for a safe alternative.

答案

C · Hold the drug and contact the prescriber
3.护理学基础

答案: D · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving

为什么是这个答案

Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.

答案

D · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Category 2

为什么是这个答案

Category 2 (Stage 2 in the US NPIAP system) is partial-thickness skin loss, seen as a shallow open ulcer with a pink-red bed or as a blister. Category 1 is intact skin; categories 3 and 4 are full thickness.

答案

C · Category 2
5.微生物学

答案: D · Salmonella Typhi

为什么是这个答案

肠道沙门氏菌伤寒血清型（Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi）引起伤寒，这是一种伴有持续发热的全身性疾病。有些人会成为慢性带菌者，细菌常藏于胆囊中。

答案

D · Salmonella Typhi
6.微生物学

答案: D · Neisseria meningitidis

为什么是这个答案

脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Neisseria meningitidis）是一种革兰氏阴性双球菌，可引起脑膜炎和伴瘀点或紫癜样皮疹的败血症。需要紧急使用抗生素，密切接触者可能需要预防性用药。

答案

D · Neisseria meningitidis

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