实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?
A patient has macrocytic anemia with low vitamin B12 and antibodies to intrinsic factor. What does this suggest, and how is it usually treated?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.53,PaCO₂ 30 mmHg (4.0 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 21% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 57 mmHg (7.6 kPa),PaCO₂ 49 mmHg (6.5 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 静脉给予gentamicin后,1 h 时的浓度为 7 mg/L,6 h 时为 2.6 mg/L。假设为一级消除。 求半衰期t½。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 76 kg 的患者的digoxin浓度为 0.3 mcg/L;目标是 1 mcg/L。分布容积为 7 L/kg,药片的 F = 0.7。 需要追加多少负荷剂量LD才能使浓度升到目标值?
Which pattern is typical of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis?
Why should "units" never be abbreviated to "U" or "IU" on an insulin prescription?
答案: B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.
答案: C · Pernicious anemia, treated with B12 injections
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies block intrinsic factor or destroy the cells that make it, so B12 is not absorbed. Treatment is lifelong B12, usually by injection (very high oral doses are an alternative).
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 31.48 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: t½ = 3.499 h
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: LD = 532 mcg
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
实际中,剂量会取整到方便的数值。
答案: C · Attacks of symptoms, such as visual loss or numbness, that improve between relapses
MS causes demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Many patients first have attacks such as optic neuritis or sensory symptoms, with partial or full recovery between relapses.
答案: B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
"U" can be misread as 0, so "10U" might be read as 100, and "IU" can be mistaken for "IV" or "10". Writing "units" in full is a standard safety rule (ISMP), because insulin errors can cause severe hypoglycaemia.
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