实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A pregnant woman's blood type is O Rh-negative, and her antibody screen (indirect Coombs test) is negative. What is usually offered at about 28 weeks?
A patient on hemodialysis receives epoetin, but the hemoglobin has not risen in 2 months. Which results should be checked first?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.22,PaCO₂ 61 mmHg (8.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 137,Cl⁻ 108,HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。使用 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) 计算 Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)。保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 160 mg gentamicin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 6 mg/L,半衰期为 2.5 h。 求清除率CL(L/h)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的gentamicin半衰期为 3 h。目标是峰浓度 6 mg/L、谷浓度 1 mg/L。假设为快速静脉给药和一级消除,多长的给药间隔τ可使浓度从峰值降到谷值? 保留一位小数。
Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), which principle applies?
A patient two days after abdominal surgery coughs and says something "gave way". The wound has opened and bowel is visible. What should the nurse do first?
答案: C · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
An Rh-negative mother can form anti-D antibodies if Rh-positive fetal blood enters her circulation, which can cause hemolytic disease in a later pregnancy. Anti-D immunoglobulin at about 28 weeks and after delivery of an Rh-positive baby prevents this sensitization.核对依据: Red Blood Cell Antibody Screen · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hemolytic disease of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Ferritin and transferrin saturation
Iron deficiency is the most common reason for a poor response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, because the marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Ferritin and transferrin saturation are checked, and IV iron is often given in dialysis patients. Infection and inflammation can also blunt the response.核对依据: Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024); Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: Δ 比值 = 0.3
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
低于 1:合并正常阴离子间隙酸中毒。
答案: CL = 7.394 L/h
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: τ = 7.8 h
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
实际中,间隔会取整到 8、12、24 或 36 h 等方便的数值,并再次检测浓度。
答案: A · A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is shown that they lack it
The Act begins by presuming capacity. Capacity is decision-specific and time-specific, and people must be given all practicable help to make their own decision.
答案: A · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The exposed bowel is covered with sterile moist dressings, the patient is positioned to reduce tension on the abdomen (for example knees bent), kept nil by mouth and reviewed urgently.
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