实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A urine culture report states "mixed growth of three organisms, likely contamination." What is the nurse's best response?
Three days after starting haloperidol, a patient has a temperature of 40 °C, severe muscle rigidity and confusion. Which laboratory result would the nurse expect?
练习数值:Na⁺ 139 mmol/L,葡萄糖 30.1 mmol/L,尿素 13.5 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
练习数值:Na⁺ 140,Cl⁻ 105,HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L,白蛋白 35 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 170 mg gentamicin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 9 mg/L,半衰期为 3.5 h。 求分布容积Vd。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次vancomycin输注以 60 mg/h 运行,没有负荷剂量。患者的清除率为 3 L/h,半衰期为 6 h。10 h 后的浓度C是多少?
How is Helicobacter pylori infection usually treated?
A nurse teaches a patient with hypertension about their medicines. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
答案: B · Inform the provider and arrange a new, correctly collected sample
Several organisms in one urine sample usually mean contamination from the skin or perineum during collection. The provider is informed, and a new clean-catch or catheter-port sample is usually needed before an infection can be confirmed.
答案: A · A very high creatine kinase (CK)
These signs suggest neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a medical emergency. Muscle rigidity releases CK, often to very high levels, and the white count is often raised. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys. The antipsychotic is stopped and supportive care is started.
答案: Osm = 322 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: AGc = 19.25 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: Vd = 18.89 L
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: C = 13.7 mg/L
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
Eradication therapy combines a PPI with two antibiotics for a set course. Completing the course is important for success.
答案: D · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.
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