实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How often is the INR usually checked when warfarin is first started?
A patient using an insulin pump has a glucose of 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) that has not fallen 2 hours after a correction bolus through the pump. Blood ketones are 1.8 mmol/L. What is the most likely problem and action?
练习数值:Na⁺ 144 mmol/L,葡萄糖 7.8 mmol/L,尿素 18.9 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
某练习血气显示代谢性碱中毒,HCO₃⁻ 39 mmol/L。用预期 PaCO₂ = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 求预期PaCO₂。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 140 mg tobramycin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 8 mg/L,半衰期为 2.5 h。 求清除率CL(L/h)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的tobramycin半衰期为 4 h。目标是峰浓度 7 mg/L、谷浓度 0.5 mg/L。假设为快速静脉给药和一级消除,多长的给药间隔τ可使浓度从峰值降到谷值? 保留一位小数。
Which is a first-line nursing measure to help prevent constipation in hospital?
Why is morphine more likely to cause toxicity in a patient with severe kidney impairment?
答案: C · Every few days, until it is stable
When warfarin is started or its dose changes, the INR is checked frequently (often every few days) until it is stable in the target range. After that, the interval can be extended, often up to every 4 weeks or longer if very stable.
答案: B · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
A high glucose that does not respond to a pump bolus, with rising ketones, suggests a kinked, blocked or dislodged cannula. Because pumps use only rapid-acting insulin, DKA can develop within hours. The usual advice is to give a correction dose by pen or syringe, change the infusion set, check glucose and ketones often, and seek help if ketones keep rising or vomiting starts.
答案: Osm = 315 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: PaCO₂ = 48.3 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
升高是有限度的:仅靠代偿,PaCO₂ 很少超过约 55 mmHg。
答案: CL = 4.852 L/h
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: τ = 15.2 h
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
实际中,间隔会取整到 8、12、24 或 36 h 等方便的数值,并再次检测浓度。
答案: A · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
Adequate fluids, a fibre-rich diet, mobility and privacy for toileting help prevent constipation. Laxatives are added if needed, especially with opioids.
答案: C · Its active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
Morphine metabolites, including morphine-6-glucuronide, are cleared by the kidneys and accumulate in renal impairment, causing sedation and respiratory depression. Alternative opioids or lower doses are often chosen.
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