实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A urine culture report states "mixed growth of three organisms, likely contamination." What is the nurse's best response?
A patient stopped long-term prednisone suddenly a week ago. Now: blood pressure 78/46 mm Hg, sodium 128 mEq/L, potassium 4.6 mEq/L, glucose 58 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L). Which condition is most likely?
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒,HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。用温特公式求预期PaCO₂(范围的中心),单位 mmHg。
某练习血气显示代谢性碱中毒,HCO₃⁻ 42 mmol/L。用预期 PaCO₂ = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 求预期PaCO₂。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 静脉给予vancomycin后,1 h 时的浓度为 25 mg/L,9 h 时为 13.5 mg/L。假设为一级消除。 求消除速率常数k。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者每 12 h 静脉给予万古霉素;万古霉素清除率为 4 L/h。 每次剂量为 1000 mg vancomycin。求平均稳态浓度Css,avg。
A patient on insulin reports nightmares, night sweats and morning headaches. What should be suspected?
A patient faints during cannulation, with a slow pulse and pallor, and recovers quickly when laid flat. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling. What is most likely?
答案: D · Inform the provider and arrange a new, correctly collected sample
Several organisms in one urine sample usually mean contamination from the skin or perineum during collection. The provider is informed, and a new clean-catch or catheter-port sample is usually needed before an infection can be confirmed.
答案: D · Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
Long-term glucocorticoids suppress the body's own cortisol production; stopping them suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Lack of cortisol causes hypotension, hyponatremia and hypoglycemia. Aldosterone is usually still made, so potassium is often normal; high potassium suggests primary adrenal failure. Treatment is IV hydrocortisone and fluids as prescribed.
答案: PaCO₂ = 29 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: PaCO₂ = 50.4 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
升高是有限度的:仅靠代偿,PaCO₂ 很少超过约 55 mmHg。
答案: k = 0.07702 h⁻¹
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: Css,avg = 20.83 mg/L
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: C · Night-time hypoglycaemia
Nocturnal hypoglycaemia can cause sweating, restless sleep, nightmares and morning headache. Checking glucose overnight and reviewing insulin doses can confirm and correct it.
答案: B · Vasovagal syncope
Vasovagal syncope is a reflex drop in heart rate and blood pressure triggered by pain, fear or needles. Anaphylaxis would usually include skin, airway or breathing features and a fast pulse.
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