产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A woman at 10 weeks has morning sickness. Which suggestion is most likely to help?
产后 2 小时,产妇的哪项发现最需要紧急跟进?
2 mL 的 0.5%(w/v)溶液中含有多少毫克药物 m?
处方为 6800 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 25 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 3 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
答案: D · Eat dry crackers before rising and eat small meals
Eating something dry before rising, small frequent meals, and drinking fluids between rather than with meals reduce nausea. Fatty and spicy foods tend to worsen it.
答案: D · 心率 124 次/分,皮肤湿冷
心动过速伴皮肤湿冷是隐性或持续出血所致低血容量的早期征象。宫底质硬和中等量恶露属正常,轻度体温升高和寒战在最初 24 小时内很常见。
答案: m = 10 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 0.68 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: V = 225 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 125 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
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