产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A newborn has a cleft lip and palate. Which feeding approach is most appropriate?
A woman at 12 weeks has light bleeding and mild cramping. The cervix is closed and fetal heart activity is seen on ultrasound. How is this classified?
某患者体重 12 kg,医嘱为单次给药 30 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
处方为 550 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 120 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
将 100 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 60 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
答案: C · Special teats and an upright position
Babies with a cleft palate often need specialised bottles or teats, an upright feeding position, frequent burping and support from a cleft team. Some babies with a cleft lip only can breastfeed.
答案: A · Threatened miscarriage
Bleeding with a closed cervix and a viable pregnancy is a threatened miscarriage; many continue normally. An open cervix means an inevitable or incomplete miscarriage, and a missed miscarriage has no fetal heart activity.
答案: D = 360 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.11 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 30 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 20 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/maternity-nursing