内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient on nasal cannula oxygen breathes mainly through the mouth. What is the most accurate statement?
一名使用 28% 文丘里面罩(SpO₂ 90%)的 COPD 患者想吃饭。最恰当的方案是什么?
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
The nurse has four neurology patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
伤口愈合的哪个阶段涉及肉芽组织和新生血管的形成?
一名患者上臂有环形全层烧伤。未来数小时内,最重要的评估是什么?
Which group of symptoms suggests hypercalcaemia?
A day after surgery, a patient's haemoglobin has fallen from 125 g/L to 85 g/L (12.5 to 8.5 g/dL) and their heart rate has risen to 118/min. What is the priority?
A nurse completed the hepatitis B vaccine series. Which result shows protective immunity?
A patient with long-term heavy alcohol use is admitted with alcohol withdrawal. Which group of electrolyte problems is most common?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 62 mmHg (8.3 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 1 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.18,PaCO₂ 36 mmHg (4.8 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
一名护理助理汇报了四位患者的情况。哪项汇报需要护士首先关注?
An adult has burns over 40% of the body with no signs of airway injury. Which treatment is the priority during the first hours?
答案: D · It can still work, because oxygen collects in the nasopharynx
Studies show that mouth breathing still draws in oxygen from the nasopharynx, so nasal cannulae can work. The effect is judged by the SpO₂, and the device is changed if targets are not reached. Cannulae are never placed in the mouth.
答案: D · 改用低流量鼻导管,使 SpO₂ 保持在 88–92%
氧疗是按目标范围开具的,需要吸氧的患者不应因进餐而停氧。鼻导管便于进食和说话;流量(例如 1–2 L/min)经滴定使饱和度保持在目标范围内。高浓度氧气有高碳酸血症的风险。
答案: C · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答案: D · A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome whose vital capacity is falling
A falling vital capacity and weak cough in Guillain–Barré syndrome warn of respiratory failure, which may need ventilation. The other patients have expected or less urgent problems.
答案: D · 增殖期
愈合有四个相互重叠的阶段:止血、炎症、增殖(肉芽组织、血管生成和上皮化)和成熟(胶原重塑,可持续一年或更久)。
答案: C · 手部的血液循环和感觉
全层焦痂没有弹性。随着水肿的发展,压力升高,可影响循环(胸部烧伤时则影响呼吸)。定期检查脉搏、颜色、毛细血管再充盈、疼痛和感觉,可及早发现这一问题;可能需要焦痂切开术。
答案: B · Thirst, constipation, confusion and abdominal pain
High calcium causes polyuria and thirst, constipation, abdominal pain, kidney stones and confusion. Tingling and cramps suggest low calcium instead.
答案: D · Escalate urgently, as the patient may be bleeding
A large fall in haemoglobin with tachycardia suggests ongoing blood loss. The nurse assesses the patient with ABCDE, checks wounds and drains and escalates for urgent review.
答案: A · Anti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
An anti-HBs level of at least 10 mIU/mL after vaccination indicates protection. HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc indicate infection, not immunity. Health care workers are often tested after vaccination.
答案: A · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
Poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea and alcohol's effect on the kidneys commonly cause low magnesium, phosphate and potassium. These worsen arrhythmia and seizure risk, so they are checked and replaced, together with thiamine.
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 26.2 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并呼吸性酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.413 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(413 ms)
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · 一名腹部手术后一天的患者新出现烦躁不安,心率 124 次/分
手术后新出现的烦躁不安伴心率快可能意味着出血、脓毒症或缺氧。对这名 COPD 患者,SpO₂ 90% 是预期的,6 小时 300 mL(50 mL/h)是足够的尿量。
答案: D · Large-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output
Once the airway is secure, the early priority in major burns is fluid resuscitation to prevent burn shock. Urine output is a key guide to whether enough fluid is being given.
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