A patient has just started an ACE inhibitor. Which blood tests are usually checked within the first one to two weeks?
ATroponin and creatine kinase
BPotassium and creatinine
CLiver enzymes and amylase
DINR and platelet count
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
A nurse phones the doctor about a patient with pneumonia whose observations are worsening. Using SBAR, which statement is the clearest "recommendation"?
A"I am calling about the patient in bed 6."
B"I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
C"His heart rate is 124/min, his BP is 88/50 mmHg and he is confused."
D"He is 72 and was admitted yesterday with community-acquired pneumonia."
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
Which action is part of an effective bowel programme after a spinal cord injury?
ARestricting fluids to reduce the volume of stool
BAvoiding fibre to prevent bloating
CUsing strong laxatives only when the bowel has not opened for a week
DA routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
A patient with a head injury now has a blood pressure of 190/70 mmHg, a pulse of 48/min and irregular breathing. How should the nurse interpret this?
AHypovolaemic shock from internal bleeding
BNeurogenic shock from a spinal cord injury
CA normal stress response to pain, anxiety and the noise of the ward
DCushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
Why is blood lactate measured when sepsis is suspected?
AIt measures the effect of antibiotics on the kidney
BIt replaces the need for blood cultures
CIt shows which bacteria are causing the infection
DA raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
A patient on chemotherapy has white plaques on the tongue and cheeks that wipe off to leave red areas. What is most likely?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每组的 P 波数 =
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient uses patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after surgery. Which statement by a family member shows a need for further teaching?
A“The pump has limits set by the nurse so she cannot get too much at once.”
B“I will tell the nurse if she becomes very sleepy or hard to wake.”
C“I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
D“Only she should press the button when she needs pain relief.”
16.优先排序与委派困难
The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?
A“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
B“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
C“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
D“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Potassium and creatinine
为什么是这个答案
ACE inhibitors lower aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they reduce glomerular filtration pressure, so creatinine can rise, especially with renal artery stenosis or dehydration. Baseline and early follow-up urea, electrolytes and creatinine are standard.
答案
B · Potassium and creatinine
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
为什么是这个答案
In SBAR, the recommendation states clearly what the nurse needs and how quickly, such as a review within a set time. The other statements belong to situation, background and assessment. Structured communication reduces delays in escalation.
答案
B · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
为什么是这个答案
A regular routine, timed after a meal to use the gastrocolic reflex, plus fluids, fibre and, often, suppositories or digital stimulation, helps prevent constipation and accidents. This also reduces the risk of autonomic dysreflexia.
答案
D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
为什么是这个答案
Cushing's triad is hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respiration. It shows that the brainstem is being compressed and herniation may be imminent, so it is an emergency.
答案
D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: D · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
为什么是这个答案
A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.
答案
D · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: B · Oral candidiasis
为什么是这个答案
Oral thrush is common during chemotherapy, especially with steroids or antibiotics. It is reported so that antifungal treatment can be prescribed, and good oral care continues.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 20 个小格 = 0.80 s → 1500 ÷ 20 = 75 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 75 = 4:1
答案
心室率 = 75 bpm
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 4
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.92 s,规则;每 4 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.16 s, PR₂ = 0.30 s, PR₃ = 0.38 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 4
4:3 文氏阻滞。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: C · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
为什么是这个答案
PCA is safe because a sleepy patient cannot press the button. If someone else presses it, the patient can receive too much opioid and develop respiratory depression.
答案
C · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
16.优先排序与委派
答案: A · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
为什么是这个答案
Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.
答案
A · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”