Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?
ALoose stockings make the patient's legs too warm at night
BCorrect fit is needed only to improve the appearance
CTight stockings work better, so the smallest size is always best
DPoorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
心肌梗死三周后,一名患者出现发热、胸膜性胸痛(前倾时减轻)和心包摩擦音。最可能的诊断是什么?
A急性主动脉夹层
B急性左心衰竭
C心肌梗死后(Dressler)综合征
D另一条动脉的新发 STEMI
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
Several hours after a carotid endarterectomy, which finding needs the most urgent action?
AA small amount of dried blood on the dressing
BA blood pressure slightly above the baseline
CMild pain at the incision site
DAn expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
The nurse has four patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
AA patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
BA patient with hypothyroidism asking when to take levothyroxine
CA patient with stable CKD waiting for a renal diet review
DA patient with Parkinson's disease whose next dose is due in two hours
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
哪些体征提示严重急性胰腺炎伴组织内出血?
A嘴唇、舌头和面部肿胀
B指甲发黄
C脐周或腰部瘀斑
D手掌和足底的紫色皮疹
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
While a central line is disconnected, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain and hypotension. Air embolism is suspected. What should the nurse do first?
AGive the patient a drink and observe for an hour
BClamp the line, lie the patient left side down, head low; give oxygen
CSit the patient fully upright and flush the line
DRemove the central line straight away and leave the site open to the air
7.临床护理中等
Which equipment must always be kept at the bedside of a patient with a tracheostomy?
AA blood glucose meter and a spare urinary catheter of the same size
BSpare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
CA blood pressure cuff and a spare nasal cannula and oxygen mask only
DA peak flow meter and a nebuliser
8.临床护理困难
A patient with new fast atrial fibrillation has chest pain, a blood pressure of 75/40 mmHg and is confused. What does this indicate?
AA stable rhythm that can safely be reviewed at the next routine ward round
BAnxiety about the new diagnosis that will settle with reassurance and rest alone
CA normal response to atrial fibrillation needing no action
A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?
AHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
BHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
CThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
DThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室性二联律
2心房颤动
3窦性心律不齐
4窦性心律伴室性早搏
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3一度房室传导阻滞
4交界性心律
15.优先排序与委派中等
An older adult asks for something to help them sleep. Which drug is most likely to cause confusion and falls in this age group?
ADiphenhydramine
BMelatonin
CA warm milky drink
DAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
16.优先排序与委派困难
Two call lights go on at the same time. One patient has pain of 7/10 after surgery. The other is a confused patient at high risk of falls who is climbing out of bed alone. Who does the nurse go to first?
AThe confused patient climbing out of bed
BWhichever patient’s room is closer to the station
CThe patient whose call light went on first
DThe patient in pain after surgery
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
为什么是这个答案
Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.
答案
D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
答案: D · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
为什么是这个答案
A neck haematoma after carotid surgery can compress the airway quickly. It needs immediate senior help and may need the wound opened. Neurological checks for new stroke and cranial nerve damage are also part of routine care.
答案
D · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · A patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
为什么是这个答案
Insulin drives potassium into cells, and a potassium of 2.9 mmol/L during DKA treatment can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. The insulin rate and potassium replacement need urgent review under the protocol. The other patients are stable.
答案
A · A patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
答案: B · Clamp the line, lie the patient left side down, head low; give oxygen
为什么是这个答案
Air can enter an open central line. Clamping stops more air entering; the left lateral, head-down position may keep air in the right heart away from the pulmonary outflow. High-flow oxygen and emergency help are given.
答案
B · Clamp the line, lie the patient left side down, head low; give oxygen
7.临床护理
答案: B · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
为什么是这个答案
Emergency equipment such as spare tubes (same size and one smaller), suction, oxygen and tracheal dilators must be at the bedside. This allows rapid management of a blocked or displaced tube.
答案
B · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
A tachyarrhythmia with adverse features such as shock, myocardial ischaemia or reduced consciousness is unstable. Urgent senior help is needed, and synchronised cardioversion is often used.
答案
D · Haemodynamic instability needing urgent treatment, possibly electrical cardioversion
答案: B · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
为什么是这个答案
Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.核对依据:Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 42 个小格,1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.68 s),P–P 规则(0.68 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 88 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Diphenhydramine
为什么是这个答案
Diphenhydramine is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion, urinary retention and falls in older adults. It is on lists of drugs to avoid in this group.
答案
A · Diphenhydramine
16.优先排序与委派
答案: A · The confused patient climbing out of bed
为什么是这个答案
A confused patient climbing out of bed could fall and be badly injured within moments. Pain needs prompt treatment, but the immediate safety risk comes first.