II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2室上性心动过速(SVT)
3心室颤动
4室性自搏心律
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 38.3 °C and a very low neutrophil count. What should the nurse do?
ARecheck the temperature in four hours before telling anyone
BGive a cool shower and offer extra fluids, then wait and see what happens
CDocument the reading and mention it at the next handover
DReport it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
16.优先排序与委派困难
Which nursing approach may raise intracranial pressure in a patient with a head injury?
ADoing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
BKeeping the room calm and quiet
CKeeping the head in line with the body
DSpacing out care with rest periods in between activities
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Only while withdrawing the catheter
为什么是这个答案
The catheter is inserted without suction and suction is applied as it is withdrawn, with each pass kept short. This limits mucosal trauma and hypoxaemia. The patient is monitored for desaturation and bradycardia.
答案
B · Only while withdrawing the catheter
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: D · 重新连接,或把管口浸入无菌水中,然后评估患者
为什么是这个答案
管路脱开会使大气进入胸膜腔。迅速重新连接,或把管口浸入 2–3 cm 深的无菌水中作为临时水封,可恢复单向阀作用。随后评估有无呼吸窘迫并通知团队。长时间夹闭有张力性气胸的风险。
答案
D · 重新连接,或把管口浸入无菌水中,然后评估患者
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: A · A beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP
为什么是这个答案
Blocking beta receptors alone leaves catecholamines acting on alpha receptors, causing severe vasoconstriction and a hypertensive crisis. Alpha blockade, such as with phenoxybenzamine, comes first, and a beta-blocker may be added later for tachycardia.
答案
A · A beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP
答案: A · Avoid taking blood pressure on the arm with the line
为什么是这个答案
BP cuffs and tourniquets on the PICC arm can damage the line. The external length and site are checked, the dressing is kept intact, and the line is flushed and used with aseptic technique according to policy.
答案
A · Avoid taking blood pressure on the arm with the line
答案: A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
为什么是这个答案
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If sodium falls too quickly, water moves into brain cells and causes cerebral oedema, so correction is controlled.
答案
A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
为什么是这个答案
Almost all patients with SLE have a positive ANA, so a negative test makes lupus unlikely. However, many healthy people and patients with other conditions also have a positive ANA, so diagnosis needs the clinical picture and more specific antibodies such as anti-dsDNA.核对依据:ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
为什么是这个答案
Hemophilia A is an X-linked lack of factor VIII, which belongs to the intrinsic pathway, so only the aPTT is prolonged. Bleeding into joints and muscles is typical. Vitamin K deficiency and DIC prolong the PT as well, and ITP lowers the platelets.核对依据:Hemophilia A · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH)
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9 × 0.04 = 0.36 s
RR = 23 × 0.04 = 0.92 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.36/√0.92 = 0.36/0.9592 = 0.375 s
答案
QTc = 0.375 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(375 ms)
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 7 个小格(约 214 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
为什么是这个答案
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency. The patient may have few other signs of infection, so the nurse reports it immediately so that cultures can be taken and IV antibiotics started.
答案
D · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
16.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Doing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
为什么是这个答案
Clustering several stimulating activities can cause a sustained rise in intracranial pressure. Spacing care, keeping the neck straight and a calm environment help keep it down.
答案
A · Doing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time