内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient on nasal cannula oxygen breathes mainly through the mouth. What is the most accurate statement?
A ventilated patient with severe ARDS is to be turned prone. What is the main reason, and the key nursing risk?
为什么 CKD 患者常在餐时服用磷结合剂?
Which task can the registered nurse delegate to a trained healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Which initial treatment is usual for symptomatic hypercalcaemia of malignancy?
A patient with diabetes on continuous enteral feeding and an insulin regimen has the feed stopped for a procedure. What is the main concern?
How does CPAP help a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea?
A patient with an epidural catheter develops new back pain and increasing leg weakness when the block should be wearing off. What should be suspected?
A patient has started parenteral nutrition (PN) through a central line. Which test is monitored most frequently in the first days?
A patient with a heart murmur and fever has three sets of blood cultures, taken hours apart, all growing the same Streptococcus species. What does this suggest?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.44,PaCO₂ 26 mmHg (3.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示呼吸性酸中毒:pH 7.16,PaCO₂ 85 mmHg (11.3 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 29 mmol/L。利用规则“HCO₃⁻ 每 10 mmHg 升高 1 mmol/L(急性)或 3.5 mmol/L(慢性)”进行分类。点选你的答案。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
一位摸不到脉搏的患者,监护仪上显示这种有组织的心律(无脉性电活动)。成人复苏指南为它推荐哪种治疗?点击你的答案。
Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?
一名带有中心静脉导管的患者在拔除导管时突然呼吸急促,伴胸痛,SpO₂ 下降。护士首先做什么?
答案: D · It can still work, because oxygen collects in the nasopharynx
Studies show that mouth breathing still draws in oxygen from the nasopharynx, so nasal cannulae can work. The effect is judged by the SpO₂, and the device is changed if targets are not reached. Cannulae are never placed in the mouth.
答案: A · It improves oxygenation; risks are pressure injury and tube displacement
Prone positioning improves ventilation–perfusion matching and oxygenation and improves survival in severe ARDS. Turning needs a trained team. Risks include accidental extubation or line removal and pressure damage to the face, chest and knees, so careful positioning and skin checks are essential.
答案: C · 它们结合肾脏无法排泄的食物磷酸盐
在 CKD 中,磷酸盐潴留导致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、肾性骨病和血管钙化。随餐服用的磷结合剂在肠道内结合饮食中的磷酸盐。同时还需限制饮食中的磷。
答案: A · Checking pre-meal glucose and reporting results out of range
Trained assistants can measure and record glucose and report abnormal results. Dose decisions, teaching and the assessment of an unstable patient need the registered nurse.
答案: A · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, so IV saline is given first, then a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, kidney function and symptoms are monitored.
答案: D · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed
When feed stops but insulin continues, blood glucose can fall sharply. The insulin plan is reviewed with the team, glucose is checked frequently, and a glucose infusion may be needed.
答案: C · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure acts as a splint for the upper airway, preventing collapse and apnoeas. Patients should bring their CPAP machine into hospital.
答案: D · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
Increasing motor block, back pain or new weakness after an epidural can mean a haematoma or abscess compressing the cord. This is a surgical emergency: stop the infusion and get urgent medical review.
答案: B · Blood glucose
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
答案: D · Persistent bacteremia, as in infective endocarditis
Several positive cultures with the same organism, taken at different times, show continuous bacteremia, typical of infective endocarditis. Echocardiography is done and prolonged IV antibiotics are started. Contamination usually affects only one bottle.核对依据: Blood culture · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 急性
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 交界性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 心肺复苏(不可电击心律)
无脉性电活动(PEA):PEA 无法从心电图条带上看出。监护仪显示有组织的电活动(VF、VT 或心搏停止以外的心律),但患者摸不到脉搏,因此要通过检查患者来识别。在成人复苏指南中,PEA 和心搏停止是不可电击的心脏骤停心律:进行高质量心肺复苏,尽快使用肾上腺素,并寻找可逆原因(5H 和 5T,如低血容量、缺氧、张力性气胸和心脏压塞)。VF 和无脉性 VT 是可电击心律。
PEA 在床旁识别,绝不能仅凭心电图条带。这是考试练习,不是临床指南。
答案: C · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答案: D · 覆盖穿刺部位,使患者向左侧卧头低位,给氧并呼叫援助
拔管时出现这些征象提示空气栓塞。用密闭敷料覆盖部位可阻止更多空气进入,左侧卧头低位有助于将空气困在右心,使其远离肺动脉。随后给氧并紧急求助。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing