内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
A 70-year-old man has a small abdominal aortic aneurysm found on screening and is placed under surveillance. Which advice is most important?
一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?
一名 CKD 患者血红蛋白 92 g/L,开始使用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)。护士应监测什么?
Which practice is correct when giving parenteral nutrition through a central line?
A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?
A patient is started on spironolactone while already taking an ACE inhibitor. Which blood result should be watched most closely?
一名老年患者夜间突然出现意识混乱,注意力时好时坏。首先应寻找什么原因?
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and a TSH of 0.05 mIU/L. What is the most likely explanation?
A middle-aged man has fatigue, joint pain, a raised ALT and new diabetes. His ferritin is very high and his transferrin saturation is above 60%. Which condition is most likely?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 20 mmHg (2.7 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 24% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 65 mmHg (8.7 kPa),PaCO₂ 56 mmHg (7.5 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房扑动。测量扑动波间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分)。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
Which newborn finding needs prompt reporting?
A patient admitted with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly got better, but now the abdomen is rigid and the heart rate is rising. What does this suggest?
答案: B · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
答案: D · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
Small aneurysms are usually monitored with regular ultrasound, with repair considered when they reach a threshold size or grow fast. Stopping smoking slows growth, and BP and cardiovascular risk are managed. Sudden abdominal or back pain may mean rupture and needs emergency care.
答案: A · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
患病期间,接受类固醇替代治疗的人需要更多的糖皮质激素。病日规则通常建议发热期间剂量加倍,如果呕吐而无法服药,则使用应急注射用氢化可的松或紧急就医,以预防肾上腺危象。
答案: C · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
ESA 可引起高血压,当血红蛋白被提升得过高时,还会增加血栓形成和卒中的风险。血红蛋白应控制在适中的范围(通常约 100–120 g/L)。应检查铁储备,因为缺铁会限制疗效。
答案: B · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
PN is rich in nutrients that bacteria can use. A dedicated lumen, aseptic non-touch technique and hanging limits reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection.
答案: C · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.
答案: A · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
Spironolactone and ACE inhibitors both reduce potassium excretion, so the combination can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Potassium and renal function should be checked regularly.
答案: A · 由感染或药物等潜在问题引起的谵妄
谵妄在数小时到数天内发生,并呈波动性。常见原因有感染、药物、脱水、疼痛、便秘和尿潴留。痴呆则是缓慢发展的。
答案: C · The levothyroxine dose is too high
A very low TSH with symptoms of excess thyroid hormone suggests over-replacement. The dose is usually reduced, because long-term over-replacement raises the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss, especially in older adults.核对依据: TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · Hereditary hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder of increased iron absorption. Iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and skin. A high transferrin saturation with a high ferritin suggests the diagnosis, and treatment is regular venesection (phlebotomy).核对依据: Hemochromatosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 14 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 36.12 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 心房率 = 250 bpm
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
答案: C · Jaundice that appears within the first 24 hours
Jaundice in the first 24 hours is not physiological and may point to hemolysis or infection. Mild jaundice after the first day, milia and acrocyanosis are common, expected findings.
答案: C · The appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis
A sudden ease in pain followed by a rigid abdomen and a rising pulse can mean rupture and peritonitis. This is a surgical emergency, so the nurse reports at once.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing