内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which ECG pattern is typical of acute pericarditis?
一名患者的胸腔引流管与引流装置脱开。护士首先应做什么?
A patient has acute low back pain with no red flags. Which advice is most appropriate?
A patient with lung cancer is confused, dehydrated and constipated, with a corrected calcium of 3.4 mmol/L (about 13.6 mg/dL). What is usually the first treatment?
Which advice helps a patient with haemorrhoids?
A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?
A very anxious patient breathes rapidly for a long period. Which change is expected?
A nurse teaches a patient with reflux disease. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名服用苯妥英的患者血药水平为 28 mcg/mL(通常范围约 10–20 mcg/mL)。护士预期会有哪些发现?
A patient has a sodium of 150 mEq/L, a glucose of 180 mg/dL and a BUN of 28 mg/dL. Using the formula 2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8, what is the calculated serum osmolality?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.36,PaCO₂ 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.15,PaCO₂ 42 mmHg (5.6 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
一名护士将测量血糖的任务委派给一名受过培训的助理,却从不询问结果。缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?
一名头部受伤并伴有腿部骨折的患者正在接受监测。哪项发现是优先事项?
答案: A · Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
Pericarditis often causes concave ST elevation across many leads and PR segment depression, because the inflammation is not limited to one coronary territory. Localised ST elevation with reciprocal changes suggests STEMI. Pericarditis is usually treated with NSAIDs and colchicine.
答案: D · 重新连接,或把管口浸入无菌水中,然后评估患者
管路脱开会使大气进入胸膜腔。迅速重新连接,或把管口浸入 2–3 cm 深的无菌水中作为临时水封,可恢复单向阀作用。随后评估有无呼吸窘迫并通知团队。长时间夹闭有张力性气胸的风险。
答案: C · Stay as active as possible and use simple pain relief
Most acute low back pain improves within weeks. Staying active, simple analgesia and gradual return to normal activities help recovery. Imaging is usually not needed without red flags.
答案: C · IV fluids to rehydrate the patient
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, which worsen the high calcium. IV fluids are the first step, followed by a bisphosphonate to reduce bone resorption. Calcium is rechecked regularly.
答案: D · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
Soft stools reduce straining and pressure on the anal cushions. Long sitting on the toilet and constipating drugs such as codeine should be avoided.
答案: D · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.
答案: A · Respiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
Hyperventilation blows off CO2, raising the pH. Symptoms can include tingling of the lips and fingers and lightheadedness.
答案: B · "A big meal just before bed is fine if I take my tablet."
Large late meals increase reflux even when a PPI is taken. Raising the head of the bed, losing weight and reducing alcohol are correct measures.
答案: A · 眼球震颤、步态不稳和言语含糊
苯妥英中毒引起眼球震颤、共济失调、言语含糊和嗜睡。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者。白蛋白低时游离(活性)药物增多,因此即使总浓度正常也可发生中毒。
答案: B · About 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
Osmolality = 300 + 10 + 10 = 320 mOsm/kg, above the typical range of about 275–295 mOsm/kg. The high sodium is the main cause, which points to water loss or too little water intake.核对依据: Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 合并呼吸性酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QT = 0.44 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.96 s)。
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
答案: B · 正确的监督与评价
护士必须跟进、检查结果并据此采取行动。委派后不检查结果违反了监督与评价的原则。
答案: B · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
GCS 下降提示颅内压升高,可能致命,需要紧急上报。骨折疼痛也需要处理,但不像这样威胁生命。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing