内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名室上性心动过速患者将接受静脉腺苷。护士应提醒患者注意什么?
A nurse has four cardiac patients. Which one should be seen first?
A patient uses a continuous glucose monitor. Which statement is correct?
A patient with CKD has a potassium of 6.5 mmol/L. Which medicine combination is the most likely contributor?
Which advice may help reduce the risk of a parastomal hernia after stoma surgery?
On day 5 after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes breathless, with sharp chest pain on breathing in, a pulse of 120/min and SpO₂ 89%. What should the nurse suspect and do first?
A patient with leukaemia has a very low platelet count. Which nursing precaution is appropriate?
A nurse teaches a patient with hypertension about their medicines. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
After lying on the floor for many hours, a patient has a CK of 40,000 U/L, a potassium of 6.1 mEq/L and dark urine. Which prescribed treatment is the priority?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.56,PaCO₂ 28 mmHg (3.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 21% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 59 mmHg (7.9 kPa),PaCO₂ 43 mmHg (5.7 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
A patient with mild dysphagia after a stroke is eating. Which technique helps make swallowing safer?
哪位患者最适合从重症监护室转出,为新入院患者腾出空间?
答案: B · 短暂的面部潮红或胸闷,以及几秒钟的停顿感
腺苷以快速静脉推注给药,随后用生理盐水冲管,并持续心电监护。它短暂阻断房室结传导,常引起几秒钟的心搏停止、面部潮红、胸部不适、呼吸困难或濒死感。这些作用只持续几秒。
答案: C · A patient with angina whose chest pain has not eased with rest and who is sweating
Chest pain that does not settle with rest, especially with sweating, suggests an acute coronary syndrome and needs immediate assessment and a 12-lead ECG. A controlled heart rate in AF, a very small weight change and a question about eating are not urgent.
答案: D · It reads glucose in fluid under the skin, a little behind blood glucose
CGM sensors measure interstitial glucose, which lags several minutes behind blood glucose, especially when levels change fast. A finger-prick check is advised when symptoms do not match the reading.
答案: A · Ramipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
ACE inhibitors and spironolactone reduce aldosterone effect, and trimethoprim blocks potassium secretion in the distal tubule. Together, in CKD, they can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Loop diuretics, salbutamol and insulin lower potassium.
答案: B · Avoid heavy lifting early on and use support garments as advised
Avoiding heavy lifting in the early months, supporting the abdomen when coughing, gentle core exercises as advised by the stoma team and a healthy weight may reduce risk.
答案: D · Pulmonary embolism; sit up, give oxygen and call for urgent help
Sudden pleuritic chest pain, breathlessness, tachycardia and hypoxia after surgery strongly suggest PE. The nurse supports breathing with oxygen, escalates urgently and prepares for investigations and anticoagulation.
答案: A · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
Thrombocytopenia increases bleeding risk. Gentle oral care, electric razors and avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures help prevent bleeding.
答案: A · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.
答案: A · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据: Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · Large-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring
Rhabdomyolysis releases myoglobin, which can cause acute kidney injury, and potassium, which can cause arrhythmias. Early aggressive IV fluids, a target urine output and cardiac monitoring are priorities. NSAIDs and potassium would worsen kidney injury and hyperkalemia.核对依据: Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 36.98 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 室上性心动过速(SVT)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
答案: D · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
Sitting upright and tucking the chin narrows the airway entrance and helps food pass into the esophagus. The nurse follows the speech therapist’s plan, which may include thickened fluids.
答案: D · 2 天前拔管,鼻导管吸氧 2 L/min 稳定,没有血管活性药物输注
已拔管、低流量吸氧且不用血管活性药物的患者是稳定并在好转的。近期插管、血管加压药需求上升和活动性出血都需要 ICU 级别的护理。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing