内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient on theophylline develops nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate and restlessness. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient with asthma needs their reliever every three hours and their peak flow is falling well below their personal best. What does their action plan most likely advise?
A patient has just started levetiracetam. Which side effect should the nurse teach them to report?
A patient with a long-term catheter has fever and rigors, and a catheter UTI is suspected. Which action is recommended before starting antibiotics?
Which factor can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhosis?
During burn resuscitation, a 70 kg adult's urine output has been 120 mL/h for 3 hours, and the face and limbs are very oedematous. What should the nurse do?
A patient on insulin reports nightmares, night sweats and morning headaches. What should be suspected?
Which finding suggests hypocalcaemia?
一名一小时前开始胸痛的患者首次肌钙蛋白正常。正确的解释是什么?
A patient's results: sodium 140 mEq/L, chloride 100 mEq/L, bicarbonate 12 mEq/L. What is the anion gap, and what does it suggest?
练习数值:Na⁺ 138 mmol/L,葡萄糖 15.7 mmol/L,尿素 3.6 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 21% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa),PaCO₂ 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
一名注册护士对护理助理说:“去看看 12 号房的患者。”缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?
A patient with suspected sepsis has four prescribed orders. Which should usually be done first?
答案: B · Theophylline toxicity
Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window. Toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmias, agitation and seizures. Levels are monitored, and many drugs and smoking status change its clearance. The nurse should hold the dose and report.
答案: B · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
Personal asthma action plans set steps based on symptoms and peak flow compared with the personal best. Increasing reliever need and a falling peak flow mean worsening asthma: treatment is increased as the plan says (sometimes with oral steroids) and urgent review is sought. Severe signs need emergency care.
答案: A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
Levetiracetam is widely used and has few drug interactions, but it can cause mood changes, irritability, depression and, rarely, suicidal thoughts. Patients and families should report these. Gum overgrowth is linked to phenytoin.
答案: B · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
Long-term catheters develop a biofilm that contaminates samples. Guidance usually advises replacing the catheter, collecting a sample from the new one and then starting antibiotics. Bag samples are not used.
答案: C · Constipation
Constipation, GI bleeding, infection, dehydration, low potassium and sedative drugs can trigger encephalopathy. Keeping the bowels open, for example with lactulose, reduces ammonia absorption.
答案: D · Discuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
An output of about 1.7 mL/kg/h suggests over-resuscitation. Excess fluid ("fluid creep") worsens oedema and can cause pulmonary oedema and compartment syndromes, so the rate is reviewed and reduced under the burn protocol.
答案: B · Night-time hypoglycaemia
Nocturnal hypoglycaemia can cause sweating, restless sleep, nightmares and morning headache. Checking glucose overnight and reviewing insulin doses can confirm and correct it.
答案: D · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
Trousseau's sign, carpal spasm during cuff inflation, and Chvostek's sign, facial twitching on tapping the facial nerve, indicate neuromuscular irritability from low calcium.
答案: C · 不能排除心肌梗死;应按规程重复检测肌钙蛋白
症状出现后早期,肌钙蛋白可能仍然正常。需要连续测量,并结合心电图和症状来确定或排除心肌梗死。许多规程在 1–3 小时后重复检测高敏肌钙蛋白。核对依据: Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: C · 28 mEq/L, a high anion gap
The anion gap is 140 − (100 + 12) = 28 mEq/L; a typical normal value is about 8–12 mEq/L when potassium is not included. A high anion gap metabolic acidosis suggests unmeasured acids, for example ketones in DKA or lactate in shock.核对依据: Anion Gap Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: Osm = 295 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 58.48 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 室上性心动过速(SVT)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
答案: C · 正确的指示与沟通
“去看看”没有说明要测量什么、何时测量,或应报告哪些发现。清晰的指示应当是,例如,“10:00 测他的血压和脉搏,如果收缩压低于 100,立即告诉我。”
答案: C · Take blood cultures
Blood cultures are taken before the first antibiotic dose when this does not cause significant delay, so the organism can be identified. The antibiotic follows as soon as possible.
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