内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
After a bronchoscopy with throat anaesthesia, when can the patient eat and drink?
A heavy smoker is having surgery tomorrow and asks whether stopping smoking now is pointless. Which reply is most accurate?
Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?
A patient with suspected meningitis has a GCS of 9 and pupils that have become unequal. A doctor plans an immediate lumbar puncture. What is the main concern?
为什么在大手术后最初几天,常优先选择规律(定时)镇痛而不是“按需”给药?
一名已知患前列腺癌的患者报告新发并逐渐加重的背痛和腿部无力。最重要的措施是什么?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of surgical site infection?
Which sign is often a late finding in hypovolaemic shock in a young, previously fit adult?
A patient is starting atorvastatin. Which laboratory test is usually checked at baseline?
A patient in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state has a glucose of 1,050 mg/dL (58 mmol/L), very dry mucous membranes and a fast pulse. Which treatment is usually the first priority?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.15,PaCO₂ 18 mmHg (2.4 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 6 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 143,Cl⁻ 89,HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。使用 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) 计算 Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)。保留两位小数。
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
A nurse teaches a patient about levothyroxine. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
哪项任务最适合 RN 亲自完成,而不是委派给护理助理?
答案: A · When the gag and cough reflexes have returned
Local anaesthetic sprayed on the throat abolishes the gag and cough reflexes for a time, so food or fluid could be aspirated. The nurse checks that the reflexes have returned (often after about one to two hours) before giving sips of water and then food.
答案: A · Stopping even today lowers carbon monoxide levels before surgery
Carboxyhaemoglobin falls substantially within about 12–24 hours of stopping, improving oxygen delivery. Longer abstinence improves airway function, wound healing and reduces complications further. Any stop is beneficial, and support should be offered.
答案: C · Venous thrombosis
In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.
答案: D · Raised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
Reduced consciousness and unequal pupils suggest raised ICP. A lumbar puncture in this situation may cause brain herniation, so imaging comes first, and antibiotics are not delayed. The nurse should raise this concern.
答案: B · 它使药物浓度稳定,防止出现剧烈的疼痛高峰
可预测的持续性术后疼痛最好用规律的多模式镇痛来管理(例如对乙酰氨基酚,以及安全时加用 NSAID),爆发痛则按需给药。仍需定期评估疼痛和副作用。
答案: C · 可能为脊髓压迫:上报,按医嘱用类固醇,紧急 MRI
癌症患者出现背痛伴神经症状,提示转移性脊髓压迫。早期诊断(紧急全脊柱 MRI)和治疗(地塞米松、放疗或手术)可保留活动能力和控便功能。就诊过晚往往导致永久性瘫痪。
答案: B · Removing hair, if needed, with clippers rather than a razor
Razors cause micro-abrasions that increase infection risk, so hair is removed only if necessary with clippers just before surgery. Keeping patients warm and good skin preparation also help.
答案: C · A fall in blood pressure
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
答案: D · Liver enzymes
Statins can raise liver enzymes, so a baseline ALT is usually checked, with a lipid panel to judge response. Routine repeat liver tests are not always needed, but symptoms of liver injury or muscle pain should be reported.核对依据: Statins · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Large-volume IV fluid replacement
In HHS the fluid deficit is often very large, so IV fluid replacement is the first priority; it also lowers the glucose. Insulin follows as prescribed, and potassium, sodium and mental status are monitored closely.核对依据: Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: 部分代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: Δ 比值 = 2.8
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
高于 2:合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QT = 0.4 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.60 s)。
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
平直线必须核实:查看患者、导联和增益,并换看第二个导联,因为电极脱落或细颤型室颤都可能看起来像心脏停搏。
答案: A · “I will take it at breakfast with my calcium tablet.”
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach and is separated from calcium and iron by several hours. It is usually lifelong, so it is not stopped when the patient feels better.
答案: C · 手术后第一次扶患者下床
手术后第一次下床时,患者可能晕厥或出现其他意外反应,因此通常由 RN 在此期间评估患者。以后与稳定患者散步、每日称体重和口腔护理都是常规任务。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing