内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪一组副作用是噻嗪类或吲达帕胺等类噻嗪利尿剂的典型副作用?
A patient being treated for infective endocarditis of the mitral valve suddenly develops slurred speech and weakness of the right arm. What is the most likely cause?
A stroke patient with dysphagia has been started on a modified diet. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
A patient on insulin has worsening chronic kidney disease and is having more hypos. What is the best explanation?
Before an anti-TNF biologic such as infliximab is started for Crohn's disease, which screening is essential?
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has a temperature of 38.9 °C, a rigid abdomen and a pulse of 118/min. What does this suggest?
一名心力衰竭患者两天内体重增加 2 kg。这最可能说明什么?
一名老年患者夜间突然出现意识混乱,注意力时好时坏。首先应寻找什么原因?
How should a blood sample for serum ammonia be handled?
一名糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者在开始胰岛素输注前钾为 3.0 mEq/L。护士应预期什么?
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒,HCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/L。用温特公式求预期PaCO₂(范围的中心),单位 mmHg。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.20,PaCO₂ 45 mmHg (6.0 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Fridericia 公式 QTc = QT/∛RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
Which patient with diabetes should the nurse see first?
一名 LPN/LVN 报告说一名稳定的患者现在出现新的胸痛。RN 应怎么做?
答案: C · 低钾、低钠、尿酸升高和血糖升高
噻嗪类可引起低钾血症、低钠血症、低镁血症、高尿酸血症(痛风)、高血糖和高钙血症(它们减少钙的排泄)。干咳和血管性水肿是 ACE 抑制剂的作用。
答案: D · An embolus from a valve vegetation causing a stroke
Vegetations on the mitral or aortic valve can break off and embolise to the brain, kidneys, spleen or limbs. Sudden focal neurological signs suggest an embolic stroke: the nurse calls for urgent help, checks the blood glucose to exclude hypoglycaemia and expects urgent brain imaging. Thrombolysis is generally avoided in endocarditis because of the bleeding risk.
答案: D · Sit the patient fully upright for meals and for a while afterwards
Sitting upright during and after meals helps food pass safely and reduces reflux and aspiration. Small mouthfuls, unhurried feeding and the textures advised by the speech and language therapist are also important.
答案: A · The kidneys clear less insulin, so it lasts longer
The kidneys clear a large share of insulin. As kidney function falls, insulin stays in the blood longer and some oral agents build up, so hypos increase. Insulin doses often need to be reduced.
答案: D · Screening for tuberculosis
Anti-TNF drugs suppress immunity and can reactivate latent tuberculosis. Patients are screened for TB and hepatitis B before starting and are taught to report signs of infection.
答案: C · Perforation with peritonitis
Brief relief can occur when an inflamed appendix ruptures, followed by spreading peritonitis with fever, rigidity and tachycardia. This is a surgical emergency needing urgent review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答案: C · 液体潴留
心衰患者体重骤增通常意味着液体超负荷。每天称重是监测液体平衡最简单的方法。
答案: B · 由感染或药物等潜在问题引起的谵妄
谵妄在数小时到数天内发生,并呈波动性。常见原因有感染、药物、脱水、疼痛、便秘和尿潴留。痴呆则是缓慢发展的。
答案: A · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
Ammonia can rise in a standing sample as red cells and proteins break down. The sample is usually placed on ice and analyzed promptly to avoid a falsely high result.
答案: C · 先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素
胰岛素会使钾进一步降低,并可引起危险的心律失常。常见指南是先补钾,并推迟胰岛素,直到水平至少达到约 3.3 mEq/L,同时继续静脉补液。护士应遵循医院方案并监测心电图。
答案: PaCO₂ = 23 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并呼吸性酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.426 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(426 ms)
答案: 心房率 = 79 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
二度 II 型:每 3 个 QRS 波群对应 4 个 P 波,PR 恒定。
答案: C · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
Severe hypoglycemia with confusion can quickly lead to seizures and loss of consciousness. The other patients have problems that matter but are not immediately dangerous.
答案: C · 亲自评估患者并决定下一步
当稳定的患者出现新问题时,RN 应评估患者,因为患者现在可能不稳定。然后 RN 决定干预措施和上报,可能包括心电图和处方的硝酸甘油。
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