内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient choosing between a mechanical and a biological heart valve asks about the main difference. Which answer is accurate?
As the defibrillator charges, a nurse sees a colleague still holding the patient's bed rail. What should the nurse do?
Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?
A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome has a blood pressure that swings between 80/50 and 190/100 mmHg and a heart rate that changes suddenly. What does this suggest?
Which instruction is important during bowel preparation for colonoscopy?
烧伤复苏期间,一名体重 80 kg 的成人尿量连续 2 小时为 15 mL/h。这提示什么?
Which group of symptoms suggests hypothyroidism?
A nurse notices that a wrong dose of a drug was prepared but was caught before it was given. What should be done?
A woman who is 30 weeks pregnant has a new blood pressure of 152/98 mm Hg. Which urine finding would most support preeclampsia?
A patient's AST is about twice the ALT, both moderately raised, and the GGT is high. Which cause is most likely?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.53,PaCO₂ 38 mmHg (5.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 31 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.32,PaCO₂ 28 mmHg (3.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 14 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
Which postoperative patient should the nurse see first?
在患者首次使用吗啡 15 分钟后,一名护理助理测量了生命体征。他们报告呼吸频率为 10 次/分,并说患者很难叫醒。护士应怎么做?
答案: B · Mechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
Mechanical valves are very durable but are thrombogenic, so lifelong warfarin is needed. Biological (tissue) valves usually do not need long-term anticoagulation but wear out over time and may need replacement. Age, lifestyle and bleeding risk guide the choice.
答案: A · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
Before every shock, the operator states a clear warning, checks that nobody is touching the patient or bed and that oxygen is moved away from the chest. Compressions continue during charging in many protocols, then everyone stands clear for the shock. Touching the bed can conduct current to staff.
答案: D · Venous thrombosis
In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.
答案: B · Autonomic dysfunction, which needs continuous cardiac monitoring
Guillain–Barré syndrome can involve autonomic nerves, causing labile blood pressure and dangerous arrhythmias. Patients need continuous ECG monitoring and close observation, often in a high-dependency setting.
答案: D · Drink plenty of clear fluids while taking the preparation
Bowel preparation causes profuse diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. Patients follow a low-residue diet, then clear fluids, and drink plenty of extra clear fluid.
答案: B · 复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度
成人通常的目标是约 0.5 mL/kg/h(此例为 40 mL/h)。15 mL/h 的尿量提示肾灌注不足,检查导尿管后按医嘱加快补液速度。过多的液体同样有害,会引起水肿和骨筋膜室综合征,因此公式只是起点。
答案: A · Tiredness, weight gain and feeling cold
Low thyroid hormone slows metabolism, causing fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin and bradycardia. Weight loss, heat intolerance and tremor suggest hyperthyroidism.
答案: C · Report it as a near miss through the incident reporting system
Near misses are reported so that causes can be studied and systems improved. A just, open culture encourages reporting without blame.
答案: C · Protein in the urine
Preeclampsia is new hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy with proteinuria or other signs of organ involvement, such as low platelets, raised liver enzymes or rising creatinine. Proteinuria reflects damage to the glomerular filter.核对依据: Preeclampsia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · Alcohol-related liver disease
An AST:ALT ratio of about 2:1 or more with a high GGT is typical of alcohol-related liver disease. In acute viral hepatitis ALT is usually higher than AST and often very high; bile-duct obstruction mainly raises ALP.
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:代谢性碱中毒时 PaCO₂ ≈ 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 = 40.7–44.7 mmHg,所以实测 38 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性碱中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.51 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(510 ms)
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
答案: D · Dressing soaked with bright red blood and a heart rate rising to 118/min
Heavy fresh bleeding with a rising heart rate suggests hemorrhage and early shock. The other patients have routine needs that can wait.
答案: D · 立即前往,唤醒患者,支持呼吸,并按医嘱准备纳洛酮
呼吸缓慢和难以唤醒提示阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制。护士应立即评估患者,刺激患者,支持呼吸,按医嘱给予纳洛酮并上报。等待或不看患者就打电话会浪费关键的几分钟。
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