内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has episodes of severe headache, sweating and palpitations with very high blood pressure. Which rare cause should be considered?
An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?
Which picture fits anterior cord syndrome?
Which patient on a stroke unit is most at risk of falling?
Before an anti-TNF biologic such as infliximab is started for Crohn's disease, which screening is essential?
A patient arrives in recovery with a temperature of 35.2 °C and is shivering. What is the most appropriate action?
Which equipment must always be kept at the bedside of a patient with a tracheostomy?
一名颅脑损伤患者的 GCS 从 14 分降至 10 分,一侧瞳孔变大且对光反应迟钝。护士应该怎么做?
A breathless patient in the emergency department has a BNP below 100 pg/mL. What does this suggest?
一名服用华法林、INR 稳定在 2.4 的患者开始使用环丙沙星等抗生素疗程。一周后 INR 为 4.6。最可能的解释是什么?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 64 mmHg (8.5 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 1 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.22,PaCO₂ 23 mmHg (3.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 9 mmol/L,Na⁺ 135,Cl⁻ 94 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
一名护理助理拒绝一项被委派的任务,说他们没有接受过这项任务的培训。护士最好的回应是什么?
A patient in acute mania paces constantly, has lost weight and will not sit down to eat. Which intervention is most helpful?
答案: C · Phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumour, usually of the adrenal medulla. Classic features are paroxysmal headache, sweating, palpitations and hypertension. It is diagnosed with plasma or urine metanephrines.
答案: B · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.
答案: D · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
Anterior cord syndrome usually follows damage to the anterior spinal artery. Motor, pain and temperature pathways are lost below the injury, but the dorsal columns (fine touch, vibration and proprioception) at the back are spared.
答案: B · A patient with a right-hemisphere stroke who is impulsive and denies having weakness
Right-hemisphere strokes often cause left-sided neglect, poor judgement, impulsivity and denial of the deficit. These patients may try to get up alone. Patients with left-hemisphere strokes are often more cautious.
答案: A · Screening for tuberculosis
Anti-TNF drugs suppress immunity and can reactivate latent tuberculosis. Patients are screened for TB and hepatitis B before starting and are taught to report signs of infection.
答案: D · Start active warming and monitor the temperature
Hypothermia increases the risk of bleeding, infection and cardiac events, and shivering increases oxygen use. Active warming with warmed fluids if needed is started, and the patient stays in recovery until temperature is acceptable.
答案: C · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
Emergency equipment such as spare tubes (same size and one smaller), suction, oxygen and tracheal dilators must be at the bedside. This allows rapid management of a blocked or displaced tube.
答案: C · 作为神经科急症立即上报
GCS 下降伴单侧瞳孔散大提示颅内压升高、可能发生脑疝。需要紧急医疗评估和影像学检查。
答案: B · Heart failure is an unlikely cause of the breathlessness
BNP is released from stretched ventricles, so a low value makes heart failure an unlikely cause of acute breathlessness. A high value supports heart failure, but BNP also rises with age, kidney disease and pulmonary embolism.核对依据: Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: B · 增强华法林作用的药物相互作用
一些抗生素通过减少华法林的分解或改变产生维生素 K 的肠道细菌来增强华法林的作用。开始使用此类药物时,应更频繁地监测 INR。饮食中维生素 K 增多则会使 INR 降低。核对依据: Taking warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 26.4 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 单纯高间隙酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 交界性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
答案: A · 感谢助理,确保任务被安全完成,并安排培训
被委派者应拒绝自己没有能力完成的任务。护士要确保现在安全地完成任务,并为将来安排培训。强迫完成任务或搁置不做都会让患者处于风险之中。
答案: B · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
Patients in mania may be too active to sit and eat. Portable high-calorie foods and fluids help meet physiological needs, which are a priority.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing