The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
AStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
BGive IV amiodarone as a bolus
CCheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
DDeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难
A nurse teaches a patient who has a new permanent pacemaker. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will keep my mobile phone in my shirt pocket over the device."
B"I will tell staff about the device before any MRI scan."
C"I will keep my follow-up appointments for device checks."
D"I will carry my pacemaker identification card with me at all times."
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等
Which signs suggest rejection of a kidney transplant?
AMore urine, a falling creatinine and weight loss
BLess urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2窦性心动过速
3尖端扭转型室性心动过速
4室性心动过速
15.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with mild dysphagia after a stroke is eating. Which technique helps make swallowing safer?
ALying flat with the head tilted back
BSitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
CDrinking thin fluids quickly through a straw between bites
DTalking while eating to stay alert
16.优先排序与委派困难
哪项委派适合护理助理?
A在输血最初的 15 分钟内监测患者
B给卒中后尚未做吞咽筛查的患者喂第一餐
C为稳定的患者采集常规尿标本
D在首次管饲前检查新置入的鼻胃管
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
为什么是这个答案
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
答案
C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
2.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: A · "I will keep my mobile phone in my shirt pocket over the device."
为什么是这个答案
Patients are advised to keep mobile phones at least about 15 cm from the device and to hold them to the opposite ear. They carry a device card, tell staff before MRI or surgery (diathermy) and attend follow-up checks. Normal household appliances are generally safe.
答案
A · "I will keep my mobile phone in my shirt pocket over the device."
3.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: B · Less urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
为什么是这个答案
Acute rejection may cause falling urine output, rising creatinine, weight gain, fever, and pain or tenderness over the graft. Many episodes are found on blood tests before symptoms appear, so regular monitoring is essential.
答案
B · Less urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
答案: A · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
为什么是这个答案
Older adults may minimise pain or have cognitive or sensory problems that hinder reporting. Regular assessment with suitable tools and careful analgesia, starting low and adjusting slowly, are recommended.
答案
A · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
答案: A · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
为什么是这个答案
Anticoagulants prevent clot extension and new clots; the body's own fibrinolysis gradually breaks down the existing clot. Thrombolysis, which actively dissolves clots, is reserved for massive PE with shock.
答案
A · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · 不常规监测 aPTT;而是检查血小板和肾功能
为什么是这个答案
依诺肝素的效果可预测,因此不用 aPTT 来监测。血小板计数有助于发现肝素诱导的血小板减少症,肾功能也很重要,因为该药经肾脏清除。在妊娠、肥胖或肾病时可使用抗 Xa 水平。
答案
A · 不常规监测 aPTT;而是检查血小板和肾功能
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
为什么是这个答案
Doubling a missed warfarin dose can raise the INR and cause bleeding; the patient should follow the prescriber's instructions, usually taking the missed dose the same day or skipping it. A steady vitamin K intake, regular INR checks and telling other providers are correct.核对依据:Warfarin (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
C · "If I miss a dose, I will take two tablets the next day"
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 8 个小格
转换
QT = 8 × 0.04 s = 0.32 s
答案
QT = 0.32 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.64 s)。
14.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
15.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
为什么是这个答案
Sitting upright and tucking the chin narrows the airway entrance and helps food pass into the esophagus. The nurse follows the speech therapist’s plan, which may include thickened fluids.
答案
B · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing